Unit 5

Question 1

4 types of bones and descriptions

Answer 1

Long bone: longer than wide
Short bone: wrist and ankles, shaped like cubes, mostly spongy
Flat bones: thin, usually curved, sternum, ribs, skull
Irregular: vertebrae, pelvis

Question 2

Two types of bone marrow and what they do

Answer 2

Yellow marrow: storage fat
Red marrow: blood stem cells that turn into red blood cells

Question 3

Articular cartilage

Answer 3

Covers the bone ends in most moveable joints

Question 4

Nasal cartilage

Answer 4

Supports nose

Question 5

Costal cartilage

Answer 5

Connects ribs to sternum

Question 6

Fibrocartilage

Answer 6

Occurs in places that have heavy pressure (vertebrae and knee)

Question 7

Cavity in bones

Answer 7

Medullary

Question 8

Trabeculae

Answer 8

Flat pieces or bone, bone marrow fills in the spaces

Question 9

Medullary cavity location

Answer 9

Diaphysis

Question 10

Functions of bones

Answer 10

1) support for the body
2) protection
3) movement
4) mineral storage
5) blood cell formation

Question 11

Nutrient foramen

Answer 11

Openings where nerve fibers, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels enter the bone

Question 12

Osteoblast

Answer 12

Bone forming cells

Question 13

Osteoclast

Answer 13

Bone destroying cells

Question 14

Osteocyte

Answer 14

Spider shaped mature bone cells, found in lacunae - junctions of lamella

Question 15

Appositional vs interstitial

Answer 15

Appositional: cells are added to the external face of the cartilage
Interstitial: cells are made internally causing cartilage to expand

Question 16

Diaphysis

Answer 16

Long axis of the bone

Question 17

Epiphysis

Answer 17

End of the bone, wider, interior spongy, covered with articular cartilage

Question 18

Epiphyseal plate

Answer 18

Region of cartilage that grows during childhood to lengthen bone

Question 19

Open vs closed reduction

Answer 19

Open: bone needs to be surgically repaired using pins and wires
Closed: physician moves bone back into place

Question 20

Closed vs compound fracture

Answer 20

Closed: bone stays internal
Compound: bone penetrates skin

Question 21

Bone deposition

Answer 21

Process of adding bone

Question 22

Bone resorption

Answer 22

Process of destroying bone, done by osteoclast

Question 23

Role of calcium in the blood

Answer 23

Transmission of nerve impulses, muscle contraction, secretion of glands, cell division

Question 24

Displaced vs non displaced

Answer 24

Non displaced: bone ends retain normal position
Displaced: bone ends are out of alignment

Question 25

Wolffs Law

Answer 25

Bone grows or remodels in response to the demands placed on it, muscles pull on a bone causing it to bend

Question 26

Hypercalcemia

Answer 26

High calcium

Question 27

Liner vs transverse fracture

Answer 27

Linear: parallel to long axis Transverse: break is perpendicular to the long axis

Question 28

Where do long bones thicken, when muscles cause them to bend

Answer 28

Where: epiphyseal plate. When: muscle pulling on a bone

Question 29

Cause of kidney stones

Answer 29

Overactive parathyroid gland

Question 30

6 types of fractures

Answer 30

1) comminuted 2) compression 3) spiral 4) epiphyseal 5) depressed 6) greenstick

Question 31

Age epiphyseal plate fuses in males and females

Answer 31

18 in females, 21 in males

Question 32

Describe the process that controls the amount of calcium in the blood. Include the hormones involved and the glands these hormones come from.

Answer 32

Parathyroid hormone made in parathyroid gland, calcitonin made in parathyroid gland, osteoclasts reabsorb bone and release calcium into blood, high levels reached range PTH production is stopped.

Question 33

Explain the process the body uses to heal a bone

Answer 33

1) Hematoma formation 2) fibrocartilage callus formation 3) bony callus 4) bone remodeling

Question 34

Describe the process of endochondral ossification

Answer 34

Begins late in 2nd month of development, uses hyaline cartilage as a pattern to make the bones, must break down cartilage before bones formation occurs, bone formation begins at a primary ossification center found in center of hyaline cartilage shaft