Unit 5- Clinical (Ayleen)

Question 1

DSM-5

Answer 1

(Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition) a book that includes categories of mental health such as anxiety disorders, personality disorders, old, etc. It has descriptions and statistics that help with diagnosis.

Question 2

Generalized Anxiety Disorders

Answer 2

When a person is continuously tense, apprehensive, in a state of autonomic (condition/activity of the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary bodily functions like heart rate, breathing, and digestion, without conscious thought.) Person is tense, worried, feels inadequate, oversensitive, cannot concentrate and suffers from insomnia w/o apparent reason.

Question 3

Panic Disorder

Answer 3

It is unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread. Signs/Symptoms: terror, chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations often followed by worry over a possible next attack.

Question 4

Phobias

Answer 4

When a person is persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of specific object, activity or situation. Some examples are acrophobia (extreme or irrational fear of heights), arachnophobia (an intense, irrational fear of spiders). Symptoms: Rapid heartbeat, sweating, shortness of breath, dizziness, nausea, tremors, chest pain or tightness, dry mouth Numbness or tingling.

Question 5

Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders (OCD)

Answer 5

An anxiety disorder marked by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both.

Overwhelming hand washing, cleaning, counting, ordering, repeating, avoiding triggers, hoarding, neutralizing, praying, checking, and seeking affirmation are examples of compulsions.

Question 6

Hoarding

Answer 6

A disorder that occurs when an individual feels compelled to keep a lot of things, regardless of their monetary worth, and becomes extremely distressed while trying to part with them. Their everyday lives are affected by the hoarding.

Question 7

Exocoriation

Answer 7

A mental disorder marked by obsessive and persistent skin-picking, which frequently results in skin lesions and causes severe distress or interferes with day-to-day functioning.
Also known as dermatillomania.

Question 8

Body Dysmorphia

Answer 8

a disorder where a person becomes overly fixated on a perceived flaw in their appearance or becomes noticeably overly worried about a minor bodily imperfection.

Examples include obsessive skin-picking, excessive mirror-checking, seeking validation over one’s looks, and avoiding social situations because of fear or guilt about one’s perceived imperfections.

Question 9

Post tramatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Answer 9

A mental condition that develops for more than a month and is marked by intrusive thoughts, avoidance behaviors, and hyperarousal after going through or witnessing a traumatic experience.

Exposure to combat, sexual assault, severe accidents, natural disasters, and maltreatment during childhood are a few instances.

Question 10

Somatoform

Answer 10

A psychological condition in which excessive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors associated with physical symptoms that have no apparent medical basis produce substantial suffering or disability.

ex: hypochondriasis:
Persistent fear of having a serious medical condition despite reassurance from healthcare professionals.

Question 11

Conversion

Answer 11

Another example for Somatoform Disorders.

It is experiencing neurological symptoms without a known medical reason, such as seizures, paralysis, or blindness.

Question 12

Illness Anxiety Disorder

Answer 12

a chronic obsession with and extreme fear of developing a serious illness, especially in the face of contradicting medical data, which causes substantial suffering and/or functional impairment.

Question 13

mood

Answer 13

a long-running emotional state that affects general moods and behavior; it is less severe than emotions and is frequently impacted by ideas, food, and surroundings.

Question 14

Major Depression

Answer 14

symptoms including, sleep difficulties, exhaustion, difficulty focusing, and maybe suicidal thoughts, must be present for at least two weeks in addition to a persistent sense of sorrow or loss of interest.

ex: a persistently depressed mood, decreased enjoyment or interest in activities, difficulty sleeping, changes in appetite, exhaustion, trouble focusing, hopelessness, and suicide thoughts.

Question 15

anhedonia

Answer 15

the incapacity to take pleasure in activities or situations that are often enjoyable (depressed mood)

ex: Loss of interest in hobbies, social disengagement

Question 16

Dysthymia

Answer 16

a low-level, chronic depression that lasts longer than major depressive disorder but is less severe.

symptoms such as a lack of appetite, trouble sleeping, exhaustion, low self-esteem, or trouble focusing.

Question 17

Seasonal Affect Disorder

Answer 17

a kind of seasonal depression that recurs frequently and is linked to variations in daylight hours; symptoms usually appear in certain seasons (such as winter) and go away in others.

type of depression linked to seasonal changes (winter blues), characterized by symptoms like fatigue, low energy, and carbohydrate cravings, and can also present with summer depression symptoms like insomnia and decreased appetite.

Question 18

Bipolar

Answer 18

Extreme mood fluctuations, including episodes of mania (or hypomania) and depression, are the hallmark of bipolar disorder, a mental health illness.

Excessive energy, decreased sleep needs, dangerous actions, and times of extreme melancholy or despair are a few examples.

Question 19

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation (DMDD)

Answer 19

is a disorder where kids or teenagers have frequent, severe outbursts of temper and persistent impatience and rage.

children/adolescents experience: severe verbal or behavioral outbursts of fury that occur at least three times a week on average. tantrums and outbursts that have occurred on a regular basis for a minimum of a year. Anger or irritation for the most of the day, almost every day.

Question 20

Schizophrenia

Answer 20

severe mental illness marked by delusions, hallucinations, and disordered thought and behavior, as well as a separation from reality.

Examples of schizophrenia include delusions (false beliefs), disorganized speech and thought patterns, disorganized behavior, and hallucinations (perceiving things that aren’t real), all of which are frequently linked to psychosis.

Question 21

hallucinations vs. delusions

Answer 21

A delusion is a strongly held false idea or concept in spite of evidence to the contrary, whereas a hallucination is a mistaken sensory experience, such as seeing or hearing things that aren’t real.

Delusions are persistent, unshakeable incorrect assumptions that are not grounded in reality, such as thinking the CIA is following you. Hallucinations are sensory experiences that happen when there are no outside stimuli present, such as hearing voices when no one is speaking.

Question 22

catatonia

Answer 22

when a person is awake but doesn’t respond to what’s happening around them.

characterized by a number of symptoms, including posturing (the assumption of a bizarre or inappropriate body position or attitude for an extended period of time) , mutism (an anxiety disorder characterized by a consistent failure to speak in specific social situations, despite the ability to speak in other situations negativism), waxy flexibility, (a catatonic symptom characterized by a slight resistance to movement, followed by the ability to maintain an imposed position for an extended period, as if the limbs were made of wax.)
and stupor (a state of lethargy and impaired consciousness where an individual is disoriented, unresponsive, and immobile, often requiring intense stimuli to awaken, and may be associated with brain damage or certain psychological disorders.)
; frequently linked to schizophrenia or other mental disorders.

Question 23

paranoia

Answer 23

a severe and ongoing mistrust and suspicion of other people, frequently accompanied by the conviction that someone is attempting to hurt or defraud them, even in the absence of proof.

Question 24

Personality Disorders

Answer 24

a psychological condition marked by persistent, rigid, and maladaptive thought, feeling, and behavior patterns that seriously hinder social, professional, or other crucial facets of functioning.

Examples of these three clusters include paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal (Cluster A), antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic (Cluster B), and avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive (Cluster C). Cluster A is characterized as odd or eccentric, while Cluster B is characterized as dramatic or erratic.

Question 25

Psychoanalytic Therapy (free association, transference, dream analysis - manifest vs. latent content) 

Answer 25

examines unconscious sensations and thoughts. Important methods consist of: Saying whatever comes to mind is known as "free association." Projecting emotions onto the therapist is known as transference. Dream analysis is the process of interpreting dreams, with latent content being the meaning that is buried and manifest content being the story told. It aids people in comprehending their own ideas and actions. example of free association: During a session, a client might initially talk about a recent argument with a friend, but then, through free association, reveal underlying feelings of insecurity and a fear of abandonment.

Question 26

Humanistic Therapy

Answer 26

a psychological perspective that highlights each person's capacity for development and self-actualization focusing on promoting self-awareness and personal development rather than treating illness by employing strategies like active listening and unconditional positive regard.

Question 27

Rogers - Client Centered Therapy

Answer 27

a humanistic therapeutic approach that emphasizes the client's innate potential for development and self-actualization via a supporting, understanding, and non-directive therapeutic partnership. Clients are assisted in exploring their thoughts and feelings by active listening, empathy, and unconditional positive regard, which promotes self-awareness and personal development.

Question 28

Behavioral Therapy

Answer 28

a technique used in behavior therapy that shapes new reactions to stimuli that cause undesirable behaviors ex: systematic desensitization, exposure therapy, aversion therapy, and token economies (description below if needed) systematic desensitization: teaches relaxation strategies to lessen anxiety while exposing a patient to their fear gradually. exposure treatment: is exposing patients directly to the thing or circumstance they are afraid of (to gradually lessen fear reactions) Aversion therapy: discourages undesirable behavior by associating it with an unpleasant stimuli. Token economies: frequently employed in contexts like schools or therapy, employ a system of rewards (tokens) for desired actions that can subsequently be exchanged for privileges or goods.

Question 29

Systematic Desensitization

Answer 29

teaches relaxation strategies to lessen anxiety while exposing a patient to their fear gradually.

Question 30

Aversion therapy

Answer 30

discourages undesirable behavior by associating it with an unpleasant stimuli.

Question 31

Token Economy

Answer 31

frequently employed in contexts like schools or therapy, employ a system of rewards (tokens) for desired actions that can subsequently be exchanged for privileges or goods.

Question 32

Cognitive therapy

Answer 32

aims to enhance emotional and behavioral well-being by recognizing and altering harmful thought habits. Example: A therapist might help someone with social anxiety identify and challenge negative thoughts about being unlikable and practice new behaviors to approach others.

Question 33

Rational-Emotive Therapy (Ellis)

Answer 33

a cognitive-behavioral therapy that aims to lessen emotional suffering and encourage healthy behaviors by eliminating illogical ideas and substituting them with more sensible ones. example: a student believes that in order to be a good student, they must receive an A on every test. By encouraging them to question this and remark, "It's okay to not be perfect," the therapist helps them think more positively and experience less worry.

Question 34

Beck's Cognitive Therapy

Answer 34

is a kind of psychotherapy that aims to promote emotional well-being, especially for disorders like depression and anxiety, by recognizing and altering negative, self-critical, and distorted thought patterns. For instance, a poor self-perception might result in a negative mindset. This impression would eventually result in a negative outlook for their future. A person who is caught in a cycle of depression is kept there

Question 35

Biological Therapy (Drugs, surgery, ECT)

Answer 35

1. Drugs: Antidepressants (such SSRIs) and other medications can control the symptoms of anxiety and sadness. 2. Surgery: Although they are rarely used now, operations like lobotomies were sometimes employed to treat serious mental problems by changing the way the brain functions. 3. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): Used to treat severe depression, ECT involves passing electrical currents through the brain to cause seizures in order to alleviate symptoms.

Question 36

Eclectic Approach

Answer 36

A therapist uses strategies from many therapeutic schools, adapting their approaches to the requirements and issues of each unique client. Instead than using a single approach, therapists use a variety of theoretical stances and methods to customize treatment to each patient's needs.

Question 37

Hypnosis

Answer 37

different from regular waking consciousness, a state of focused attention and increased suggestibility in which people may have vivid imaginations or altered perceptions, though not always in a sleep-like condition.