Unit 5 - Part 1

Question 1

memory

Answer 1

the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

Question 2

recall

Answer 2

a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test

Question 3

recognition

Answer 3

a measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test

Question 4

relearning

Answer 4

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again

Question 5

encoding

Answer 5

the process of getting information into the memory system

Question 6

storage

Answer 6

the process of getting information out of memory storage

Question 7

paralle processing

Answer 7

processing many objects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions

Question 8

sensory memory

Answer 8

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

Question 9

short-term memory

Answer 9

activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten

Question 10

long-term memory

Answer 10

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system; includes knowledge, skills, and experiences

Question 11

working memory

Answer 11

a newer understanding of short-term memory that adds conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

Question 12

explicit memory

Answer 12

retention of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare”

Question 13

effortful processing

Answer 13

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Question 14

automatic processing

Answer 14

unconscious encoding of incidental information and of well-learned information

Question 15

implicit memory

Answer 15

retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection

Question 16

iconic memory

Answer 16

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli

Question 17

echoic memory

Answer 17

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli

Question 18

chunking

Answer 18

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

Question 19

mnemonics

Answer 19

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

Question 20

spacing effect

Answer 20

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

Question 21

testing effect

Answer 21

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information

Question 22

shallow processing

Answer 22

encoding on a base level, based on the structure or appearance of words

Question 23

deep processing

Answer 23

encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention

Question 24

semantic memory

Answer 24

explicit memory of facts and general knowledge; one of our two conscious memory systems

Question 25

episodic memory

Answer 25

explicit memory of personally experienced events; one of our two conscious memory systems

Question 26

hippocampus

Answer 26

a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories- of facts and events- for storage

Question 27

memory consolidation

Answer 27

the neural storage of a long-term memory

Question 28

flashbulb memory

Answer 28

a clear, sustained memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Question 29

long-term potentiation(LTP)

Answer 29

an increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; a neural basis for learning and memory

Question 30

priming

Answer 30

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

Question 31

encoding specificity principle

Answer 31

the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it

Question 32

mood-congruent memory

Answer 32

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood

Question 33

seal position effect

Answer 33

our tendency to recall best the last(recency effect) and first(primacy effect) items in a list

Question 34

anterograde amnesia

Answer 34

an inability to form new memories

Question 35

retrograde amnesia

Answer 35

an inability to retrieve information from one's past

Question 36

proactive interference

Answer 36

the forward-acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new information

Question 37

retroactive interference

Answer 37

the backward-acting disruptive effect of ewer learning on the recall of old information

Question 38

repression

Answer 38

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

Question 39

reconsolidation

Answer 39

a process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again

Question 40

misinformation effect

Answer 40

occurs when misleading information has distorted one's memory of an event

Question 41

source amnesia

Answer 41

faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imagined; along with misinformation is the heart of many false memories

Question 42

deja vu

Answer 42

that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before" cues from the current situation many unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience

Question 43

cognition

Answer 43

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Question 44

concept

Answer 44

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas or people

Question 45

prototype

Answer 45

a mental image or best example of a category

Question 46

creativity

Answer 46

the ability to produce new and valuable ideas

Question 47

convergent thinking

Answer 47

narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution

Question 48

divergent thinking

Answer 48

expanding the number of possible problem solutions; creative thinking that diverges in different directions

Question 49

algorithm

Answer 49

a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guaranteses solving a particular problem

Question 50

heuristic

Answer 50

a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually faster

Question 51

insight

Answer 51

a sudden realization of a problem's solution

Question 52

confirmation bias

Answer 52

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

Question 53

fixation

Answer 53

the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an obstacle to problem solving

Question 54

mental set

Answer 54

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

Question 55

intuition

Answer 55

an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought

Question 56

representativeness heuristic

Answer 56

estimating the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information

Question 57

availability heuristic

Answer 57

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory

Question 58

overconfidence

Answer 58

the tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements

Question 59

belief perseverance

Answer 59

clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

Question 60

framing

Answer 60

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is worded can significantly affect decisions and judgements

Question 61

language

Answer 61

our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

Question 62

phoneme

Answer 62

the smallest distinctive sound unit

Question 63

morpheme

Answer 63

the smallest unit that carries meaning

Question 64

grammar

Answer 64

a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

Question 65

semantics

Answer 65

set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds

Question 66

syntax

Answer 66

set of rule for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences

Question 67

babbling stage

Answer 67

beginning around 4 months, the stage of speech development in which an infant spontaneously utter various sounds at first unrelated to the household language

Question 68

one-word stage

Answer 68

the stage from about 1 to 2 years old during which a child speaks mostly in single words

Question 69

two-word stage

Answer 69

beginning around age 2, the stage during which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements

Question 70

telegraphic speech

Answer 70

early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram, using mostly nouns and verbs

Question 71

aphasia

Answer 71

impairment of language, usually caused by damage to either Broca's area or Wernicke's area

Question 72

Broca's area

Answer 72

helps control language expression- an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere that directs the muscles movements involved in speech

Question 73

Wernicke's area

Answer 73

a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe

Question 74

linguistic determinism

Answer 74

strong form of Whorf's hypothesis- that language controls the way we think and interpret the world around us

Question 75

linguistic influence

Answer 75

the weaker form of "linguistic relativity" - the idea that language affects thoughts(thus our thinking and world view is "relative to" our cultural language)