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AP Psychology > Unit 6 > Flashcards

Unit 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

developmental psychology

A

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

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2
Q

zygote

A

the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division an develops into an embryo

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3
Q

embryo

A

the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

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4
Q

fetus

A

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

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5
Q

teratogens

A

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

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6
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome(FAS)

A

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant women’s heavy drinking

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7
Q

habituation

A

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation; as infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner

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8
Q

maturation

A

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

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9
Q

menopause

A

the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a women experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

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10
Q

cross-sectional study

A

research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time

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11
Q

longitudinal study

A

research that follows and retests the same people over time

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12
Q

neurocognitive disorders(NCDs)

A

acquired(not lifelong) disorders marked by cognitive deficits; often related to Alzheimer’s disease, brain injury or disease, or substance abuse

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13
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

a neurocognitive disorder marked by neural plaques, often with onset after age 80, and entailing a progressive decline in memory and other cognitive abilities

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14
Q

social clock

A

the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

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15
Q

X chromosome

A

the sex chromosome found in both males and females

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16
Q

Y chromosome

A

the sex chromosome typically found only in males

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17
Q

testosterone

A

the most important male sex hormone. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs during the fetal period, and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty

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18
Q

primary sex characteristics

A

the body structures that make sexual reproduction possible

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19
Q

secondary sex characteristics

A

nonreproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair

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20
Q

spermarche

A

the first ejaculation

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21
Q

menarche

A

the first menstrual period

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22
Q

intersex

A

a condition present at birth due to unusual combinations of male and female chromosomes, hormones, and anatomy; possessing biological sexual characteristics of both sexes

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23
Q

AIDS(acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

A

a life-threatening, sexually transmitted infection caused by HIV(human immunodeficiency virus). AIDS depletes the immune system, leaving the person vulnerable to infections

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24
Q

sexual orientation

A

our enduring sexual attraction, usually towards the members of our our sex or the other sex; variations include attraction toward both sexes

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25
identity
our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescents task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles
26
social identity
the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships
27
intimacy
in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in young adulthood
28
Erikson stages: infancy
trust vs. mistrust
29
Erikson stages: toddlerhood
autonomy vs. shame and doubt
30
Erikson stages: preschool
initiative vs. guilt
31
Erikson stages: elementary school
competence vs. inferiority
32
Erikson stages: adolescence
identity vs. role confusion
33
Erikson stages: young adulthood
intimacy vs. isolation
34
Erikson stages: middle adulthood
generativity vs. stagnation
35
Erikson stages: late adulthood
integrity vs. despair
36
emerging adulthood
a period from about age 18 to the mid-twenties, when many in western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved full independence as adults
37
adolescence
the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence
38
puberty
the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing
39
Kohlberg's levels- preconventional morality
self interest; obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards; before age 9
40
Kohlberg's levels- conventional morality
uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order; early adolescence
41
Kohlberg's levels- postconvential morality
actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles; adolescence and beyond
42
sex
the biologically influenced characteristics by which people define male and female
43
gender
the socially influenced characteristics by which people define boy, girl, man, woman
44
aggression
any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally
45
relational aggression
an act of aggression intended to harm a person's relationship or social standing
46
gender identity
our sense of being male, female, or some combination of the two
47
social learning theory
the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished
48
gender typing
the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role
49
role
a set of expectations(norms) about a social position, defining how a person in the position ought to behave
50
gender role
a set of expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits for males or for females
51
androgyny
displaying both traditional masculine and feminine psychological characteristics
52
transgender
an umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth-designated sex
53
stranger anxiety
the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age
54
attachment
an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to their caregiver and showing distress on separation
55
critical period
an optimal period early in life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development
56
imprinting
the process by which certain animals form strong attachments during early life
57
strange situation
a procedure for studying child-caregiver attachment
58
secure attachment
demonstrated by infants who comfortably explore environments in the presence of their caregiver, show only temporary distress when the caregiver leaves, and find comfort in the caregiver's return
59
insecure attachment
demonstrated by infants who display either a clinging, anxious attachment, or an avoidant attachment that resists closeness
60
temperament
a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
61
basic trust
according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers
62
self-concept
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves in answer to the question, "Who am I?"
63
authoritarian parents are
coercive
64
permissive parents are
unrestraining
65
negligent parents are
uninvolved
66
authoritative parents are
confrontive
67
cognition
all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
68
schema
a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
69
assimilation
interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
70
accommodation
adapting our current understandings(schemas) to incorporate new information
71
sensorimotor stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage(from birth to nearly 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
72
object permanence
the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
73
pre operational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage(from about 2 to 6/7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
74
conservation
the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
75
egocentrism
in Piaget's theory, the pre operational child's difficulty taking another's point of view
76
theory of mind
people's ideas about their own and others' mental states- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict
77
concrete operational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development(from about 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
78
formal operational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development(beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
79
scaffold
a framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking
80
autism spectrum disorder(ASD)
a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

AP Psychology (9 decks)

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