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AP Psychology > Unit 9 > Flashcards

Unit 9 Flashcards

1
Q

attribution theory

A

the theory that we can explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition; proposed by Fritz Heider

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2
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

the tendency for observers, when analyzing others’ behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

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3
Q

attitude

A

feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

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4
Q

reciprocal determinism

A

our attitude affects our actions and our actions affect our attitudes

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5
Q

peripheral route persuasion

A

uses attention-getting cues to trigger emotion; based on snap judgements

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6
Q

central route persuasion

A

offers evidence and arguments that trigger careful thinking

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7
Q

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

A

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with larger requests

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8
Q

role

A

set of expectations(norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

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9
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

mental tennsion

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10
Q

cognitive dissonance theory

A

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent; Leon festinger

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11
Q

self-serving bias

A

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably

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12
Q

norms

A

understood rules for accepted and expected behavior; prescribe “proper’ behavior

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13
Q

social contagion

A

our tendency to unconsciously imitate others’ behavior, expressions, postures, inflections, and moods; form of conformity

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14
Q

conformity

A

adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard; includes suggestibility and mimicry

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15
Q

normative social influence

A

influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

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16
Q

informational social influence

A

influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinion about reality

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17
Q

social control

A

power of the situation

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18
Q

personal control

A

power of the individual

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19
Q

social facilitation

A

improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others; the home team advantage

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20
Q

social loafing

A

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

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21
Q

deindividuation

A

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

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22
Q

group polarization

A

the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group; like minds polarize

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23
Q

groupthink

A

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

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24
Q

culture

A

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

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25
Q

prejudice

A

an unjustifiable attitude towards a group and its members; “prejudgements”

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26
Q

stereotypes

A

a generalized belief about a group of people

27
Q

discriminate

A
  1. the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus
  2. the unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members
28
Q

ethnocentrism

A

assuming the superiority of one’s ethnic group

29
Q

explicit

A

on the radar screen of our awareness

30
Q

implicit

A

an unthinking knee-jerk response operating below the radar

31
Q

just-world phenomenon

A

the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

32
Q

ingroup

A

“us” people with whom we share a common identity

33
Q

outgroup

A

“them” those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup

34
Q

in-group bias

A

the tendency to favor our own group

35
Q

scapegoat theory

A

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

36
Q

other-race effect

A

the tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than the faces of other races

37
Q

heuristics

A

mental shortcuts that enable snap judgements

38
Q

availability heuristics

A

tendency to estimate the frequency of an event by how readily it comes to mind

39
Q

hindsight bias

A

amplifies victim blaming; “I knew that was going to happen”

40
Q

aggression

A

any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally

41
Q

frustration-aggression principle

A

the principle that frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger, which can generate aggression

42
Q

social scripts

A

a culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations

43
Q

prosocial behavior

A

behavior that intends to help or benefit someone

44
Q

proximity

A

geographic nearness

45
Q

3 elements of attraction

A

proximity, physical attractiveness, similarity

46
Q

passionate love

A

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a romantic relationship

47
Q

companionate love

A

the deep affectional attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

48
Q

equity

A

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they gave to it

49
Q

self-disclosure

A

the act of revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others

50
Q

altruism

A

unselfish regard for the welfare of others

51
Q

diffusion of responsibility

A

as the number of bystanders increases the personal responsibility that an individual bystander feels decreases

52
Q

bystander effect

A

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

53
Q

social exchange theory

A

the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

54
Q

reciprocity norm

A

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

55
Q

social responsibility norm

A

an expectation that people will help those needing their help

56
Q

conflict

A

perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

57
Q

social traps

A

situation in which the conflicting parties, by each pursing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

58
Q

mirror-image perceptions

A

mutual views ofter held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and vies the other side as evil and aggressive; demonizes the other; feeds cycle of hostility

59
Q

self-fulfilling prophecies

A

belief that leads to its own fulfillment

60
Q

cooperation

A

overcoming differences

61
Q

superordinate goals

A

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

62
Q

communication

A

could be facilitated to find mutually beneficial resolution

63
Q

conciliation

A

applying GRIT, graduated and reciprocated initiates in tension reduction

AP Psychology (9 decks)

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