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AP Psychology > Unit 9 > Flashcards

Unit 9 Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

attribution theory

A

the theory that we can explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition; proposed by Fritz Heider

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2
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

the tendency for observers, when analyzing others’ behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

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3
Q

attitude

A

feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

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4
Q

reciprocal determinism

A

our attitude affects our actions and our actions affect our attitudes

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5
Q

peripheral route persuasion

A

uses attention-getting cues to trigger emotion; based on snap judgements

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6
Q

central route persuasion

A

offers evidence and arguments that trigger careful thinking

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7
Q

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

A

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with larger requests

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8
Q

role

A

set of expectations(norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

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9
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

mental tennsion

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10
Q

cognitive dissonance theory

A

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent; Leon festinger

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11
Q

self-serving bias

A

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably

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12
Q

norms

A

understood rules for accepted and expected behavior; prescribe “proper’ behavior

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13
Q

social contagion

A

our tendency to unconsciously imitate others’ behavior, expressions, postures, inflections, and moods; form of conformity

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14
Q

conformity

A

adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard; includes suggestibility and mimicry

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15
Q

normative social influence

A

influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

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16
Q

informational social influence

A

influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinion about reality

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17
Q

social control

A

power of the situation

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18
Q

personal control

A

power of the individual

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19
Q

social facilitation

A

improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others; the home team advantage

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20
Q

social loafing

A

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

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21
Q

deindividuation

A

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

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22
Q

group polarization

A

the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group; like minds polarize

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23
Q

groupthink

A

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

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24
Q

culture

A

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

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25
prejudice
an unjustifiable attitude towards a group and its members; "prejudgements"
26
stereotypes
a generalized belief about a group of people
27
discriminate
1. the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus 2. the unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members
28
ethnocentrism
assuming the superiority of one's ethnic group
29
explicit
on the radar screen of our awareness
30
implicit
an unthinking knee-jerk response operating below the radar
31
just-world phenomenon
the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
32
ingroup
"us" people with whom we share a common identity
33
outgroup
"them" those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup
34
in-group bias
the tendency to favor our own group
35
scapegoat theory
the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
36
other-race effect
the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than the faces of other races
37
heuristics
mental shortcuts that enable snap judgements
38
availability heuristics
tendency to estimate the frequency of an event by how readily it comes to mind
39
hindsight bias
amplifies victim blaming; "I knew that was going to happen"
40
aggression
any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally
41
frustration-aggression principle
the principle that frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger, which can generate aggression
42
social scripts
a culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations
43
prosocial behavior
behavior that intends to help or benefit someone
44
proximity
geographic nearness
45
3 elements of attraction
proximity, physical attractiveness, similarity
46
passionate love
an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a romantic relationship
47
companionate love
the deep affectional attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
48
equity
a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they gave to it
49
self-disclosure
the act of revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others
50
altruism
unselfish regard for the welfare of others
51
diffusion of responsibility
as the number of bystanders increases the personal responsibility that an individual bystander feels decreases
52
bystander effect
the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
53
social exchange theory
the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
54
reciprocity norm
an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them
55
social responsibility norm
an expectation that people will help those needing their help
56
conflict
perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas
57
social traps
situation in which the conflicting parties, by each pursing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
58
mirror-image perceptions
mutual views ofter held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and vies the other side as evil and aggressive; demonizes the other; feeds cycle of hostility
59
self-fulfilling prophecies
belief that leads to its own fulfillment
60
cooperation
overcoming differences
61
superordinate goals
shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
62
communication
could be facilitated to find mutually beneficial resolution
63
conciliation
applying GRIT, graduated and reciprocated initiates in tension reduction

AP Psychology (9 decks)

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