Unit 7 Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
motivation
A
a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
2
Q
instinct
A
a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
3
Q
physiological need
A
a basic bodily requirement
4
Q
drive-reduction theory
A
the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state(a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
5
Q
homeostasis
A
a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
6
Q
incentive
A
a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
7
Q
Yerkes-Dodson law
A
the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases
8
Q
hierarchy of needs
A
Maslow pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before high-level safety needs become active
9
Q
maslows hierarchy 1
A
physiological needs
10
Q
maslows hierarchy 2
A
safety needs
11
Q
maslows hierarchy 3
A
belongingness and love needs
12
Q
maslows hierarchy 4
A
esteem needs
13
Q
maslows hierarchy 5
A
self-actualization
14
Q
maslows heirarchy 6
A
self transcendence needs
15
Q
instinct motivation
A
a genetic basis for unlearned, species-typical behavior(birds building nests)
16
Q
drive- reduction motivation
A
a physiological need creates an aroused psychological drive that motivates a drive-reducing behavior
17
Q
arousal motivation
A
our need to maintain an optimal level of arousal motivates behaviors that meet no physiological need
18
Q
maslows hierarchy of needs motivation
A
we prioritize survival-based needs and then social needs more than the needs for esteem and meaning
19
Q
glucose
A
the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissue; when the level is low, we feel hunger
20
Q
set point
A
the point. at which your “weight thermostat” may be set. when your body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may combine to restore lost weight
21
Q
basal metabolic rate
A
the body’s resting rate of energy output
22
Q
obesity
A
defined as a body mass index(BMI) measurement of 30 or higher
23
Q
asexual
A
having no sexual attraction to the other
24
Q
testosterone
A
the most important male sex hormone
25
estrogens
sec hormones that contribute to the female sex characteristics and are secreted in greater amounts by females than by males
26
sexual response cycle
the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson-excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution
27
refractory period
a resting period where an orgasm can’t be achieved
28
affiliation need
the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group
29
ostracism
deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups
30
self-disclosure
sharing ourselves, our joys, worries, and weaknesses, with others
31
narcissism
excessive self-love and self-absorption
32
achievement motivation
a desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard
33
grit
passion and perseverance in pursuit of long-term goals
34
emotions
a response of the whole organism, involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience
35
James-Lange theory
the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing stimulus
36
cannon-bard theory
the theory that an emotion arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion
37
two-factor theory
the schachter-singer theory that to experience emotion one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal
38
polygraph
a machine used in attempts to detect lies that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion
39
facial feedback effect
the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness
40
behavior feedback effect
the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others thoughts, feelings, and actions
41
stress
the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging
42
general adaptation syndrome(GAS)
seyles concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases(alarm, resistance, exhaustion)
43
tend-and-befriend
under stress, people(especially women) often provide support to others(tend) and bond with and seek support from others(befriend)
44
health psychology
a sub field of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine
45
psychoneuroimmunology
the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health
46
coronary heart disease
the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries
47
Type a
friedman and rosenmans term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people
48
type b
friedman and rosenmans term for easygoing, relaxed people
49
catharsis
in psychology, the idea that “releasing” aggressive energy(through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges
50
aerobic exercise
sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; also helps alleviate depression and anxiety
51
mindfulness meditation
a reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a no judgemental and accepting manner
52
feel-good, do-good phenomenon
people’s tendency to be helpful when in a good mood
53
positive psychology
the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive
54
subjective well-being
self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. used along with measures of objective well-being(for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people’s quality of life
55
adaptation-level phenomenon
our tendency to form judgements(of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience
56
relative deprivation
the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom ones compares oneself
57
personality
an individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
58
psychodynamic theories
theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
59
psychoanalysis
freuds theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions
60
unconscious
according to fried, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. according to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware
61
free association
in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
62
ID
a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. the id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
63
ego
the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain
64
superego
the part of personality that, according to freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement(the conscience) and for future aspirations
65
psychosexual stages
the childhood stages of development during which, according to freud, the id’s pleasure m-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
66
oedipus complex
according to freud, a boys sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
67
identification
the process by which, according to freud, children incorporate their parents values into their developing superegos
68
fixation
in psychoanalytic theory, according to freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved
69
defense mechanism
in psychoanalytic theory, the egos protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
70
repression
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
71
regression
retreating to an earlier psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated
72
reaction formation
switching unacceptable impulses into their opoosites
73
projection
disguising one’s own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
74
rationalization
offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one’s actions
75
displacement
shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person
76
sublimation
transferring of unacceptable impulses into socially valued motives
77
denial
refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities
78
collective unconscious
carl jung’s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces for our species history
79
projective test
a personality test, such as the Rorschach, that provides ambiguous images designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamic
80
thematic apperception test(TAT)
a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
81
Rorschach ink blot test
the most widely used projective test; a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
82
terror-management theory
a theory of death-related anxiety; explores peoples emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death
83
humanistic theories
theories that view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth
84
hierarchy of needs
maslows pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological meds become active
85
self-actualization
according to maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one’s potential
86
self-transcendence
according to maslow, the striving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self
87
unconditional positive regard
a caring, accepting, nonjudgemental attitude, when carl roger’s believed would help people develop self-awareness and self-acceptance
88
self-concepts
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question “who am i?”
89
trait
a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act in certain ways, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports
90
personality inventory
a questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits
91
minnesota multiphasic personality inventory(MMPI)
the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests; originally developed to identify emotional disorders, this test is now used for many other screening purposes
92
social-cognitive perspective
views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits(including their thinking) and their social context
93
behavioral approach
focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development
94
reciprocal determinism
the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment
95
self
in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions
96
spotlight effect
overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders(as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)
97
self-esteem
one’s feelings of high or low self-worth
98
self-efficacy
one’s sense of competence and effectiveness
99
self-serving bias
a readiness to perceive oneself favorably
100
narcissism
excessive self-love and self-absorption
101
individualism
giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications
102
collectivism
giving priority to the goals of one’s group(often one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly
