Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Psychology > Unit 7 > Flashcards

Unit 7 Flashcards

1
Q

motivation

A

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

instinct

A

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

physiological need

A

a basic bodily requirement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

drive-reduction theory

A

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state(a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

homeostasis

A

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

incentive

A

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Yerkes-Dodson law

A

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

hierarchy of needs

A

Maslow pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before high-level safety needs become active

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

maslows hierarchy 1

A

physiological needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

maslows hierarchy 2

A

safety needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

maslows hierarchy 3

A

belongingness and love needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

maslows hierarchy 4

A

esteem needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

maslows hierarchy 5

A

self-actualization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

maslows heirarchy 6

A

self transcendence needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

instinct motivation

A

a genetic basis for unlearned, species-typical behavior(birds building nests)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

drive- reduction motivation

A

a physiological need creates an aroused psychological drive that motivates a drive-reducing behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

arousal motivation

A

our need to maintain an optimal level of arousal motivates behaviors that meet no physiological need

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

maslows hierarchy of needs motivation

A

we prioritize survival-based needs and then social needs more than the needs for esteem and meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

glucose

A

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissue; when the level is low, we feel hunger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

set point

A

the point. at which your “weight thermostat” may be set. when your body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may combine to restore lost weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

basal metabolic rate

A

the body’s resting rate of energy output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

obesity

A

defined as a body mass index(BMI) measurement of 30 or higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

asexual

A

having no sexual attraction to the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

testosterone

A

the most important male sex hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

estrogens

A

sec hormones that contribute to the female sex characteristics and are secreted in greater amounts by females than by males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

sexual response cycle

A

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson-excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

refractory period

A

a resting period where an orgasm can’t be achieved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

affiliation need

A

the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

ostracism

A

deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

self-disclosure

A

sharing ourselves, our joys, worries, and weaknesses, with others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

narcissism

A

excessive self-love and self-absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

achievement motivation

A

a desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

grit

A

passion and perseverance in pursuit of long-term goals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

emotions

A

a response of the whole organism, involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

James-Lange theory

A

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

cannon-bard theory

A

the theory that an emotion arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

two-factor theory

A

the schachter-singer theory that to experience emotion one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

polygraph

A

a machine used in attempts to detect lies that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

facial feedback effect

A

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

behavior feedback effect

A

the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others thoughts, feelings, and actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

stress

A

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

42
Q

general adaptation syndrome(GAS)

A

seyles concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases(alarm, resistance, exhaustion)

43
Q

tend-and-befriend

A

under stress, people(especially women) often provide support to others(tend) and bond with and seek support from others(befriend)

44
Q

health psychology

A

a sub field of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine

45
Q

psychoneuroimmunology

A

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health

46
Q

coronary heart disease

A

the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries

47
Q

Type a

A

friedman and rosenmans term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people

48
Q

type b

A

friedman and rosenmans term for easygoing, relaxed people

49
Q

catharsis

A

in psychology, the idea that “releasing” aggressive energy(through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges

50
Q

aerobic exercise

A

sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; also helps alleviate depression and anxiety

51
Q

mindfulness meditation

A

a reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a no judgemental and accepting manner

52
Q

feel-good, do-good phenomenon

A

people’s tendency to be helpful when in a good mood

53
Q

positive psychology

A

the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

54
Q

subjective well-being

A

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. used along with measures of objective well-being(for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people’s quality of life

55
Q

adaptation-level phenomenon

A

our tendency to form judgements(of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience

56
Q

relative deprivation

A

the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom ones compares oneself

57
Q

personality

A

an individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

58
Q

psychodynamic theories

A

theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

59
Q

psychoanalysis

A

freuds theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

60
Q

unconscious

A

according to fried, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. according to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware

61
Q

free association

A

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

62
Q

ID

A

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. the id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

63
Q

ego

A

the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

64
Q

superego

A

the part of personality that, according to freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement(the conscience) and for future aspirations

65
Q

psychosexual stages

A

the childhood stages of development during which, according to freud, the id’s pleasure m-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

66
Q

oedipus complex

A

according to freud, a boys sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

67
Q

identification

A

the process by which, according to freud, children incorporate their parents values into their developing superegos

68
Q

fixation

A

in psychoanalytic theory, according to freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved

69
Q

defense mechanism

A

in psychoanalytic theory, the egos protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

70
Q

repression

A

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

71
Q

regression

A

retreating to an earlier psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated

72
Q

reaction formation

A

switching unacceptable impulses into their opoosites

73
Q

projection

A

disguising one’s own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

74
Q

rationalization

A

offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one’s actions

75
Q

displacement

A

shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person

76
Q

sublimation

A

transferring of unacceptable impulses into socially valued motives

77
Q

denial

A

refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities

78
Q

collective unconscious

A

carl jung’s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces for our species history

79
Q

projective test

A

a personality test, such as the Rorschach, that provides ambiguous images designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamic

80
Q

thematic apperception test(TAT)

A

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

81
Q

Rorschach ink blot test

A

the most widely used projective test; a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

82
Q

terror-management theory

A

a theory of death-related anxiety; explores peoples emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death

83
Q

humanistic theories

A

theories that view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth

84
Q

hierarchy of needs

A

maslows pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological meds become active

85
Q

self-actualization

A

according to maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one’s potential

86
Q

self-transcendence

A

according to maslow, the striving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self

87
Q

unconditional positive regard

A

a caring, accepting, nonjudgemental attitude, when carl roger’s believed would help people develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

88
Q

self-concepts

A

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question “who am i?”

89
Q

trait

A

a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act in certain ways, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports

90
Q

personality inventory

A

a questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits

91
Q

minnesota multiphasic personality inventory(MMPI)

A

the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests; originally developed to identify emotional disorders, this test is now used for many other screening purposes

92
Q

social-cognitive perspective

A

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits(including their thinking) and their social context

93
Q

behavioral approach

A

focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development

94
Q

reciprocal determinism

A

the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment

95
Q

self

A

in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions

96
Q

spotlight effect

A

overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders(as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)

97
Q

self-esteem

A

one’s feelings of high or low self-worth

98
Q

self-efficacy

A

one’s sense of competence and effectiveness

99
Q

self-serving bias

A

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably

100
Q

narcissism

A

excessive self-love and self-absorption

101
Q

individualism

A

giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

102
Q

collectivism

A

giving priority to the goals of one’s group(often one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly

AP Psychology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions