Unit 5 (Revision Guide) Flashcards
How can the government of a receiving country affect immigration?
Original Answer: The government can influence immigration through policies such as offering work permits, visa programs, and residency opportunities to attract migrants. Alternatively, stricter border controls, immigration quotas, or restrictive policies can deter immigration. These measures shape the ease and desirability of migration to the country.
Simple Terms: The government can make immigration easier by offering work permits or visas or harder by setting quotas or stricter border rules. This affects how many people want to move there.
What are some ways potential migrants may receive information about possible destinations?
Original Answer: Potential migrants can gather information about destinations through government agencies that provide migration support, advertisements highlighting opportunities, media reports on living conditions and job availability (via TV, newspapers, or the internet), or by visiting the destination area as a tourist to evaluate conditions.
Simple Terms: Migrants learn about destinations through government programs, advertisements, news, or visiting the area as tourists. This helps them decide where to move.
What impacts can migration have on receiving countries?
Original Answer: Migration can bring economic benefits like workforce growth and cultural enrichment. However, it may also strain housing, healthcare, and education services due to increased demand. Social impacts include fostering diversity but also the potential for tensions or xenophobia if integration challenges arise.
Simple Terms: Migration can help the economy by adding workers and bring cultural diversity. It can also cause problems like overcrowding in housing and schools or tensions with local people.
How do push and pull factors influence migration decision-making?
Original Answer: Push factors like unemployment, political instability, conflict, or natural disasters drive people to leave their home countries. Pull factors such as higher wages, job opportunities, better living standards, and a safer environment attract migrants to new destinations. These factors collectively shape migration decisions by creating both a need to leave and an appeal to relocate elsewhere.
Simple Terms: Push factors like job loss or danger make people want to leave their country, while pull factors like better jobs or safety make them want to move to a new place.
Why are most migrants considered economic migrants?
Original Answer: Most migrants are driven by the need for better economic opportunities, such as higher wages, improved living conditions, and stable employment. These motivations often outweigh other reasons, making economic benefits a dominant factor in migration flows.
Simple Terms: Most people migrate to find better jobs, earn more money, and live in better conditions. These are the main reasons for moving.
Why is migration decision-making considered complex and individual?
Original Answer: Migration decision-making involves personal factors such as financial resources, risk tolerance, and family or social ties. Additionally, access to accurate information, perceptions of the destination’s benefits, and individual goals or optimism levels all contribute to unique and complex decisions for each migrant.
Simple Terms: Everyone has different reasons to migrate, like money, family, or how much risk they can handle. These personal factors make migration decisions unique for each person.
What is the term “internal migration”?
Original Answer: Internal migration is the movement of people within a country’s borders for one year or more, including rural–urban, urban–rural, urban–urban, and intra-urban movements.
Simple Terms: Internal migration means people moving within their country, like moving from a village to a city or from one neighborhood to another.
What are the reasons for an increase in internal migration in many countries?
Original Answer: Reasons include economic opportunities, urbanization, industrialization, agricultural mechanization, environmental pressures, better access to services, and education.
Simple Terms: People migrate more for jobs, education, escaping farming issues, or better services and living conditions.
Why may internal migration occur in stages?
Original Answer: It may occur in stages due to factors such as financial constraints, the need to adapt to cultural or linguistic differences, building skills, and using smaller moves to prepare for a final migration.
Simple Terms: Migration happens in steps to save money, adapt to new cultures, or slowly prepare for the final move.
Why does urban–rural migration occur in LICs?
Original Answer: In LICs, urban–rural migration often happens due to urban unemployment, overcrowding, high costs of living, and seasonal or temporary returns to rural areas for agriculture or familial responsibilities.
Simple Terms: People in LICs move back to rural areas to escape crowded cities or return for farming and family needs.
What is “intra-urban migration”?
Original Answer: Intra-urban migration refers to movement within the same urban area, such as shifting from one neighborhood to another due to employment, housing needs, or changes in urban infrastructure.
Simple Terms: Moving within the same city, like relocating to a new neighborhood or suburb.
What are two types of intra-urban migration?
Original Answer: Centripetal flows, such as re-urbanization (movement to the city center), and centrifugal flows, such as suburbanization (movement to the city outskirts).
Simple Terms: Moving to the city center (centripetal) or moving to suburbs (centrifugal).
What constraints, obstacles, and barriers may affect internal migration?
Original Answer: These include high costs, lack of affordable transport, lack of information about destinations, intervening opportunities, cultural/language barriers, and family ties.
Simple Terms: Barriers like money, transport, lack of knowledge, language issues, or family commitments make migrating hard.
To what extent are push factors more important than pull factors in voluntary migration?
Original Answer: Push factors such as poverty, lack of services, unemployment, and conflict are often more critical, as they force people to migrate, while pull factors like better jobs or education attract migrants.
Simple Terms: Push factors like poverty and lack of jobs force people to leave, while pull factors like better jobs attract them.
What is meant by the term “stepped migration”?
Original Answer: Stepped migration involves moving incrementally from a rural area to a small town, then to a larger town or city, often due to financial constraints or the need to adapt to cultural or linguistic challenges gradually.
Simple Terms: Migration happens in steps, like moving from a village to a town and then to a city.
Why might push factors influence people to migrate away from large urban areas?
Original Answer: Push factors include high living costs, pollution, overcrowding, inadequate housing, poor quality of life, and lack of employment opportunities in some urban areas.
Simple Terms: Issues like overcrowding, pollution, and high living costs make people leave big cities.
How is a person’s age connected to migration?
Original Answer: Young people are more likely to migrate for education, jobs, or adventure, while older adults may migrate for retirement, healthcare, or proximity to family.
Simple Terms: Young people move for jobs or school; older people move for family or retirement.
Why may migration take place between rural areas?
Original Answer: Migration between rural areas may occur to access better agricultural land, escape environmental issues (e.g., droughts), or improve living conditions through available opportunities in other rural locations.
Simple Terms: People move to other rural areas for better farmland or to escape problems like drought.
What are the social and economic links between rural migrants and the rural areas they left?
Original Answer: Links include remittances sent back to families, continued cultural ties, seasonal return for farming, and sharing of skills or knowledge gained in urban areas.
Simple Terms: Migrants send money, visit for farming seasons, and stay connected culturally.
Why might the destination play only a small role in decisions about rural to urban migration?
Original Answer: Rural to urban migration often prioritizes escaping push factors such as poverty, unemployment, and lack of services, making the specific destination less significant.
Simple Terms: People move to cities to escape problems like poverty, so the exact destination matters less.
What are the social and economic links between rural migrants now living in urban areas and the rural areas from which they moved?
Original Answer: Rural migrants maintain links through remittances, familial visits, seasonal labor, cultural exchanges, and participation in rural festivals or traditions.
Simple Terms: Migrants send money back, visit family, and help during farming or festivals.
To what extent does internal migration bring negative impacts for areas left by migrants?
Original Answer: Internal migration may result in loss of workforce, aging populations, reduced local economic activity, and reduced agricultural productivity in areas left behind.
Simple Terms: Rural areas lose workers and businesses, leaving behind older people and less economic activity.
What is one example of refugee migration?
Original Answer: Refugee migration occurs when individuals are forced to flee their home country due to persecution, conflict, violence, or disasters. An example is the Syrian civil war, which has displaced millions of people to neighboring countries like Turkey, Lebanon, and Jordan.
Simple Terms: Refugee migration happens when people flee their country because of danger like war or disasters. For example, millions of Syrians fled to Turkey, Lebanon, and Jordan due to the Syrian civil war.
What is the term “international economic migration”?
Original Answer: International economic migration refers to the movement of people from one country to another to seek better economic opportunities, such as higher-paying jobs or improved living standards. An example includes workers migrating from Mexico to the United States for employment.
Simple Terms: International economic migration is when people move to another country to find better jobs or earn more money. For example, many workers migrate from Mexico to the US for employment.
