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Psych 325 > Unit 6 > Flashcards

Unit 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the general perceptions of sexual media & youth?

A

-sexual media is bad for youth

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2
Q

What is sexual media?

A
  • broad -any representation of sex or sexual themes
  • sexual behaviour
  • suggestions of ^
  • sexual talk
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3
Q

What is wrong with our definitions of sexual behaviour?

A
  • very broad -like innuendos or hand holding or kissing could all count
  • it differs depending on the study - no consistency
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4
Q

What is a better concept to define sexual content?

A
  • continuum
  • flirty/talking on one end & sexually explicit media on the other
  • but where is the line between sexual intercourse & sexually explicit? -hard to find
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5
Q

How much sexual content do teens consume in TV?

A
  • 70-80% of mainstream contains sexual content (similar for teen content, but less in tween)
  • (sexual talk more common) -only 11% demonstrate sex intercourse
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6
Q

What genres of TV have higher sexual content? Which has lower?

A

Higher:
-dramas/sitcoms
Lower:
-reality and children’s cartoons (check reality?/)

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7
Q

How much sexual content in movies?

A

80% of movies has sexual content

-65% of G (but that includes kissing & hand holding)

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8
Q

How much sexual content in music?

A
  • 40% of lyrics directed to teens have it

- 60-80% of music videos contain sexual imagery

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9
Q

What messages are (and are not) conveyed w/ sexual content in media?

A
  • risks & responsibility (youth often doesn’t include ^)
  • heterosexual script
  • messages that sexual behaviour is slightly more associated w/ negative consequences (emotionally)
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10
Q

What can be 2 impacts of sexual media?

A
  • sexual socialization

- sexualization

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11
Q

What is sexual socialization?

A
  • process by which our sexual knowledge, values, attitudes, and behaviours develop
  • influenced by more than biology -it’s peers, parents, culture, media
  • third-person effect
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12
Q

What is sexualization? (& the 4 criteria)

A
  • making something that isn’t sexual into something that is
  • Am Psyc Assoc
  • 1) a person’s value comes from sexual appeal/behaviour
  • 2) held to standard that attractiveness = sexy
  • 3) person made into a ‘thing’ for sexual use - sexual objectification
  • 4) sexuality is inappropriately imposed upon someone (common w/ youth)
  • diff from self-motivated
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13
Q

What is third-person effects w/ sexual media?

A

-teens think that media is impacts sexual development for others but not themselves

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14
Q

List the Theories that can be used for sexual media?

A

1) Social Cognition Theory
2) Cultivation Theory
3) Sexual Scripts Theory
4) Media Practice Model

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15
Q

How does Social Cognition theory relate to sexual media?

A
  • social learning -Bandura
  • media consumers will observe and model sexual behaviour -learn which are appropriate -rewarded vs. punished
  • differences in who & what we model (more likely to model someone similar to us & who has other positive traits)
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16
Q

How does Cultivation Theory relate to sexual media?

A
  • long-term consumption -repeated amount will shape our beliefs or attitudes
  • heavy consumption more likely to be shaped
  • see it more as reality -oh everyone’s having sex at 16 when only half are
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17
Q

How does Sexual Scripts Theory relate to sexual media?

A
  • sexuality & sexual behaviour determined by scripts used to organize & understand sexual encounters
  • stereotyped patterns of expectations
  • cultural scenarios, interpersonal scripts, intrapsychic scripts
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18
Q

What are the 3 factors that influence our scripts? (& describe)

A

1) cultural scenarios
- norms/values -ex. men want sex, women want love -how expected to behave -(can diverge) -affect behaviour through interpersonal
2) interpersonal
- how we believe we should act -how I am going to act
3) intrapsychic scripts
- own individual motivations - personal behaviours
* all work together

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19
Q

What is Media Practice Model? & how does it differ?

A
  • other theories are general -this is individualized -why we select and engage matters -media use is active
  • your sense of self, identity & lived experience contributes
  • teens - identity development is active -media impacts identity, identity impacts media
  • choose media that looks like us -believable -relevant -level of engagements, whether mimic or not
  • ** see slide image
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20
Q

Does sexual content impact us?

A
  • there is reason to think so

- but research is limited

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21
Q

Why is sexual research hard to do?

A
  • ethics
  • how measuring sexual behaviours?
  • most correlational & survey based
  • age - not a lot w/ younger
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22
Q

What is sexual cognitions?

A
  • how you think about sex
  • greater # correlated w/ more permissive attitudes, assumptions, thought of fewer consequences, sexualization beliefs
  • many research focuses on negative effects of sexual thoughts/content
  • but can have positive effect on learning
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23
Q

What are teens/YA who consume greater amount of sexual media correlated w/ (cognition-wise)?

A

-more permissive attitudes, more accepting, more positive towards it
-think more friends are engaging in it
-think of fewer neg consequences
-belief of women as sex objects
(-differences in sexual beliefs)

24
Q

What did the Friends study find?

A
  • episode where Rachel gets pregnant -tells Ross condoms are 100% effective -he’s shocked -teen viewers after episode aired -12-17yr olds -10% said they learned, 10% talked to an adult about condom use -viewers were more likely to rate condoms effectively
  • (a lot out of pop)
25
Q

How does consuming more correlate w/ sexual behaviour? Limitations?

A

-greater likelihood of engaging in sex behave
-more sex partners
-starting sex behav earlier (age)
(-correlational, not causation -3rd variable?
-longitudinal can predict?)

26
Q

What is a longitudinal study on sexual media and sexual behaviours? (the name)

A

-Brown et al

27
Q

Summarize Brown

A
  • if exposed early on -predict differences in sex behav?
  • included race
  • 1017 -7 & 8th graders North Carolina -black & white
  • survey on sex media diet (movies, TV, Music, & Mags) -(not social media or internet)
  • then followed up 2yrs later -those w/ higher diet were 2.2x more likely to engage in more sex behavs & earlier -range of behavs (pre-coital & age at first sexual intercourse)
  • white youth -high consumption -higher likelihood of engaging in sex intercourse (& earlier) consistent pattern
  • black youth - not consistent/significant -no diff btw medium or high
  • having a heavy sexual media diet in preteen yrs predicts likelihood of engaging in sex behav (& earlier) for white youth
  • limitations = self-report -(gender diff in reporting) -could be other factors for black youth -hard to measure pubertal development -not nationally representative -bias (same area, similar thoughts)
  • didn’t analyze internet
  • **
28
Q

Overall what does research find when it comes to sexual media?

A

-sexual media consumption is correlated w/ & predicts sexual behaviour -but there are other factors

29
Q

What are other factors that might influence sexual media diet relating to sexual behaviour?

A
  • race -higher baseline? less representation, social factors, family, gender w/in race (black women hypersexualized), comfort level in self-reporting (w/ white researcher)
  • gender -mixed findings
  • age -more impact on sex behav in early adolescence than later
  • how we consume/why -more influence when view realistic, or for active motivations
30
Q

Why be concerned w/ sexual media impacting teens?

A
  • could increase likelihood of risky behaviour
  • (sex is normal part of development, not a negative -but risky behav is)
  • Mixed findings on if impacts risky behaviour!
31
Q

is there a correlation btw sexual media diet & STIs & unprotected sex?

A
  • mixed findings -less consistent

- can’t concretely say yes

32
Q

Limitations in research on sexual media?

A
  • correlational
  • how do we define sex media & consumption?
  • focus on sexual risks, not satisfaction
  • lack of diversity (race, culture, orientation/identity)
33
Q

LGBTQIA+ representations in TV?

A
  • until 70s/80s -no rep -now steadily increasing
  • 2020 -10% (yr before was 8%) of characters on prime time identified as lgbtq+
  • also in kid programming
  • before portrayed as sexless (ex. modern fam) or hypersexualized -now have similar amount of sex talk/behav as others
  • often 1D -the funny one or they’re defined by sexual orientation
34
Q

LGBTQIA+ representations in print media?

A

-magazines typically heterosexuality -implicit & explicit -in writing

35
Q

How do LGBTQIA+ individuals use sexual media? Impact of LGBTQ+ representations?

A
  • source of learning
  • get info about sex
  • 70% use media as main source of info
  • identification
  • vary depending on portrayal itself -can be validating (successful, depth, support, increased commitment w/ sexual identity, improved well being for queer youth)
  • but can also be demeaning, negative, reinforcing heteronormative script)
36
Q

What is impact of queer representations on straight/non-queer?

A

-seeing reps linked w/ more accepting views

37
Q

Describe the study about queer characters on nonqueer viewers

A
  • ranked individuals exposure to gay characters -correlated w/ endorsement of gay equality
  • does vary depending on in person queer contact (if have few, impact is stronger)
  • but generally, for all, more exposure is linked w/ increase
  • *might differ depending on sex or religion or age
38
Q

What is intergroup contact theory?

A

-stereotyping and discrimination can be reduced when individuals from diff social groups have contact -face-to-face

39
Q

What is parasocial contact hypothesis?

A

media consumers can form relationships w/ media characters, which may have similar effects on stereotyping and discrimination as intergroup contact theory
-(*parasocial contact hypothesis comes from intergroup contact theory)

40
Q

Is there enough LGBTQIA+ & sexual media research?

A
  • no
  • most focused on young adults (not children or adolescents)
  • need more on individual factors like ethnicity, culture, gender, etc
41
Q

How do we distinguish pornography from other sexually explicit material?

A
  • direct depictions of sexual activities
  • genitals are unconcealed -penetration may be visible -intended to arouse -distinct from nudity (vs. nude but not arousal or arousal but doesn’t show stuff)
  • but define arousal -is that part of entertainment?
42
Q

Why might the impacts of sexually-explicit media be distinct?

A
  • different reasons for consuming?
  • emotions left out?
  • consuming accidentally, intentionally?
  • context?
  • real or idealized?
  • think of it as fictional?
    • definition might imply the effects would be different
43
Q

What might be another difference in how we draw the line between explicit and porn?

A
  • cultural differences
  • most research comes from N.Am. & Netherlands (more lax) -leaves out rest of world
  • laws are diff
  • hard to compare cross-culturally
44
Q

What % of teens are exposed to porn? Is it used?

A
  • 7-98% exposed (but how being measured?)

- quite well used

45
Q

Teen intentional exposure to porn? %

A

7-59%

46
Q

Teen unintentional exposure to porn? %

A

19-84%

more common to encounter unintentionally than intentionally

47
Q

What individual factors make it more prevalent for a teen to encounter porn?

A
  • men/boys -search it more & repeat
  • pubertally more advanced
  • individuals high in sensation seeking
  • weak or troubled family relationships
48
Q

Is impact of porn good or bad?

A
  • can be both

- most research focuses on negative (or ‘sex is bad’)

49
Q

What are the negative impacts of porn?

A
  • correlational
  • permissive attitudes, casual sex, likelihood of engaging
  • mixed about increase likelihood of risky sex
  • linked w/ gender-stereotyped sexual beliefs
  • correlated w/ more sexual aggression
  • more sexual victimization (particularly girls more likely to be)
50
Q

What are the positive impacts of porn?

A
  • source of info (but also how is the sex being presented? stereotyped/ Accurate?) -particulalru for queer youth
  • (otherwise learn from parents (common for girls), peers (might not be accurate), also edu lacking in schools & for queer youth)
  • consumption of porn linked w/ more accurate knowledge
  • recognizing and confirming sexual identity
  • mixed: consuming porn linked/ higher sexual satisfaction (gender, orientation, context)
51
Q

So overall what does the research say about porn?

A
  • research is messy & complicated -effects not always consistent
  • can’t make causal conclusions
  • differences in porn
  • big individual differences (emotional states)
  • subjective to biases (cultures, participants, ie who are the ppl who sign up?)
52
Q

What is one of the biggest predictors for teen to engage in sex?

A

-if they think their friends are having sex

53
Q

If teen dramas/TV show negative or positive consequences what are they most likely to be?

A

emotional or social

54
Q

Is sexual behaviour more associated w/ positive or negative outcomes?

A

-slightly more negative

55
Q

What is the heterosexual script?

A
  • gendered sexual behaviour
  • men pursue sex; sex as a defining aspect of masculinity
  • women are pursued; women as sex objects

Psych 325 (10 decks)

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