Unit 6

Question 1

What is stress?

Answer 1

A feeling of being overwhelmed or out of control by events that threaten your goals.

Question 2

What is physiological arousal?

Answer 2

Physical response to stress (e.g. fast heartbeat, tense muscles).

Question 3

What does the Interactional Model say?

Answer 3

Personality affects how we cope with stress, which influences if we get sick.

Question 4

What does stronger sociability predict?

Answer 4

Better immune response and health.

Question 5

What is the focus of the Transactional Model?

Answer 5

How we interpret (appraise) and react to situations.

Question 6

What is primary appraisal?

Answer 6

Deciding if a situation is a threat to your goals.

Question 7

What is secondary appraisal?

Answer 7

Judging if you have the resources to cope with the stress.

Question 8

How does personality affect health in the Health Behaviour Model?

Answer 8

Through the health choices we make under stress (good or bad).

Question 9

What are examples of health-damaging behaviors?

Answer 9

Smoking, drinking, skipping sleep.

Question 10

What are examples of health-promoting behaviors?

Answer 10

Eating healthy, sleeping well, exercising.

Question 11

What is a predisposition?

Answer 11

A trait or reaction pattern someone is born with.

Question 12

What does the Predisposition Model say?

Answer 12

Your inborn traits influence both your personality and risk of illness.

Question 13

What does the Illness Behaviour Model explain?

Answer 13

Some people think they’re sick because they notice body sensations more.

Question 14

How does neuroticism affect illness behavior?

Answer 14

Makes people more likely to notice and worry about small symptoms.

Question 15

What is acute stress?

Answer 15

A short, intense stress reaction (fight-or-flight).

Question 16

What is episodic acute stress?

Answer 16

Repeated bursts of acute stress (e.g. deadlines).

Question 17

What is traumatic stress?

Answer 17

A major stress event (e.g. PTSD after trauma).

Question 18

What is chronic stress?

Answer 18

Stress that doesn’t go away and wears you down over time.

Question 19

What are the 3 stages of General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)?

Answer 19

Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion.

Question 20

What happens in the alarm stage?

Answer 20

Body prepares to fight or run — stress alert.

Question 21

What happens in the resistance stage?

Answer 21

Body stays alert and uses a lot of energy.

Question 22

What happens in the exhaustion stage?

Answer 22

Body runs out of energy, risk of illness increases.

Question 23

What is a major life event?

Answer 23

Big life changes that cause stress (e.g., death, job loss).

Question 24

What are daily hassles?

Answer 24

Small everyday stresses that can add up over time.

Question 25

What is dispositional optimism?

Answer 25

Expecting good things to happen in the future.

Question 26

What are benefits of optimism?

Answer 26

Better health, less stress, stronger immune system.

Question 27

What is attributional style?

Answer 27

The way a person explains events (can be optimistic or pessimistic).

Question 28

What does the 'talking cure' mean (Freud)?

Answer 28

Talking about feelings helps emotional healing.

Question 29

What is emotional inhibition?

Answer 29

Holding back emotions like sadness or anger.

Question 30

Is hiding emotions always good?

Answer 30

No — it can cause stress if done too often.

Question 31

What is disclosure?

Answer 31

Telling someone about private feelings or experiences.

Question 32

What is a personality disorder?

Answer 32

Long-term patterns of thinking and behavior that cause problems in life.

Question 33

What is comorbidity?

Answer 33

Having more than one disorder at the same time.

Question 34

What is the prevalence of personality disorders?

Answer 34

Around 11% of the population.

Question 35

What is the dimensional model?

Answer 35

Disorders are extremes of traits on a scale.

Question 36

What is the categorical model?

Answer 36

Disorders are distinct and separate from normal traits.

Question 37

What is Antisocial PD?

Answer 37

Lack of concern for others, impulsive, no remorse.

Question 38

What is Borderline PD?

Answer 38

Unstable emotions, fear of abandonment, self-harm.

Question 39

What is Narcissistic PD?

Answer 39

Needs admiration, arrogant, lacks empathy.

Question 40

What is Histrionic PD?

Answer 40

Dramatic, attention-seeking, often flirtatious.

Question 41

What is Avoidant PD?

Answer 41

Fear of rejection, avoids social situations, low self-esteem.

Question 42

What is Dependent PD?

Answer 42

Needs to be taken care of, avoids being alone, can’t make decisions.

Question 43

What is Obsessive-Compulsive PD?

Answer 43

Extreme need for order, perfection, and control.

Question 44

What is Paranoid PD?

Answer 44

Distrustful, suspicious, interprets others’ actions as hostile.

Question 45

What is Schizoid PD?

Answer 45

No interest in social relationships, prefers being alone.

Question 46

What is Schizotypal PD?

Answer 46

Odd thoughts and behaviors, may have strange beliefs or perceptions.

Question 47

What can cause Borderline PD?

Answer 47

Childhood trauma, lack of secure attachments.

Question 48

What can cause Schizotypal PD?

Answer 48

Genetics, family history of mental illness.

Question 49

What can cause Antisocial PD?

Answer 49

Abuse, bullying, learning from bad role models.

Question 50

Can both nature and nurture cause disorders?

Answer 50

Yes — both biology and life experience play a role.