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unit 6: development Flashcards

Developmental Psychology (76 cards)

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1
Q

developmental psychology

A

study of physical, intellectual, social, and moral changes across the life span from conception to death.

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2
Q

critical period

physical development

A

a time interval during which specific stimuli have a major effect on development that the stimuli do not produce at other times.

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3
Q

prenatal development

physical development

A

period of development that begins with fertilization, or conception, and ends with birth.

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4
Q

zygote

physical development

A

a fertilized ovum with the genetic instructions for a new individual, normally contained in 46 chromosomes.

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5
Q

embryo

physical development

A

the developmental prenatal stage (from about 2 weeks through 2 months after fertilization) when most organ development begins.

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6
Q

fetus

physical development

A

the developing human organism from about 9 weeks after conception to birth when organ systems begin to interact; sex organs and sense organs become refined.

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7
Q

teratogen

physical development

A

harmful substances (drugs or viruses) during the prenatal period that can cause birth defects.

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8
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

physical development

A

a cluster of abnormalities that occurs in babies of matchers who drink alcoholic beverages during pregnancy, which includes low intelligence, small head with flat face, misshapen eyes, flat nose, and thin upper lip, as well as some degree of intellectual impairment.

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9
Q

neonate

physical development

A

newborn baby from birth to 1 month old; shows reflexive behavior.

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10
Q

reflex

physical development

A

the simplest form of behavior. (rooting, sucking, swallowing, grasping, moro [startling])

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11
Q

rooting reflex

physical development

A

the newborn’s tendency to move its head when stroked on the cheek, turn toward the stimulus as if searching for a nipple, and open its mouth.

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12
Q

sucking

physical development

A

the automatic response of drawing in anything at the mouth.

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13
Q

swallowing

physical development

A

automatic contraction of throat muscles that enables food to pass into the esophagus without chocking.

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14
Q

grasping reflex

physical development

A

infant closes his or her fingers tightly around an object put in hand.

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15
Q

moro (startle reflex)

physical development

A

when exposed to a loud noise or sudden drop, the neonate automatically arches his or her back, flings his or her limbs out, and quickly retracts them.

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16
Q

habituation

physical development

A

decreasing responsiveness with repeated presentation of the same stimulus.

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17
Q

puberty

physical development

A

the early adolescent period, marked by accelerated growth and onset of the ability to reproduce.

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18
Q

primary sex characteristics

physical development

A

the reproductive organs (ovaries, uterus and testes) and external genitals (vulva and penis).

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19
Q

secondary sex characteristics

physical development

A

the nonreproductive sexual characteristics, including developed breasts in females; facial hair, Adam’s apple, and deepened voice in males; and pubic hair and underarm hair for both.

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20
Q

menarche

physical development

A

first menstrual period at about age 12.5 marks female fertility. Male fertility is marked by ejaculation of semen with viable sperm at about age 14. Adolescent brain changes include selective pruning of dendrites and development of emotional limbic system and frontal lobes.

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21
Q

menopause

physical development

A

the cessation of the ability to reproduce accompanied by a decrease in production of female sex hormones,; occurs at about age 50.

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22
Q

schema

cognitive development

A

framework of basic ideas and preconceptions about people, objects, and events based on past experience in long-term memory.

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23
Q

assimilation

cognitive development

A

process by which we incorporate new information into our existing cognitive structure or schemas.

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24
Q

accommodation

cognitive development

A

process by which we modify our schemas to fit new information.

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25
sensorimotor stage (1) | cognitive development
Piaget's first stage (0-2 years) during which the infant experiences the world through senses and action patterns; progresses from reflexes to object permanence and symbolic thinking. (egocentrism, animism, and artificialism.
26
preoperational stage (2) | cognitive development
Piaget's second stage of cognitive development (2-7 years) during which the child represents and manipulates objects with symbols (language) and is egocentric.
27
egocentrism | cognitive development
seeing the world from one's own perspective; the inability to see reality from the perspective of another person, characteristic of the of the preoperational child.
28
animism | cognitive development
belief of a preoperational child that all things are living.
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artificialism | cognitive development
the belief of the preoperational child that all objects are made by people.
30
concrete operational stage (3) | cognitive development
Piaget's third stage of cognitive development (7-12 years) during which the child develops simple logic and masters conservation concepts.
31
conservation concepts | cognitive development
changes in the form of an object do not alter physical properties of mass, volume, and number.
32
formal operational stage (4) | cognitive development
Piaget's fourth stage of cognitive development (12+ years) during which the child begins to think logically about abstract concepts and engages in hypothetical thinking.
33
sociocultural theory | cognitive development
Lev Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development emphasized the role of the environment (nurture) and gradual growth (continuity) in intellectual functioning.
34
internalization | cognitive development
the process of absorbing information from a specified social environmental context.
35
zone of proximal development (ZPD) | cognitive development
the range between the level at which a child can solve a problem working alone with difficulty, and the level at which a child can solve a problem with the assistance of adults or more-skilled children.
36
alzheimer's disease | cognitive development
a fatal degenerative disease in which brain neurons progressively die, causing loss of memory, reasoning, emotion, control of bodily functions, and then death.
37
moral development | moral development
growth in the ability to tell right from wrong, control impulses, and act ethically.
38
Lawrence Kohlberg's theory | moral development
theory of moral development: moral thinking develops in stages as cognitive abilities develop, with three levels divided into six sequential stages.
39
preconventional level | moral development
when at the preoperational stage of cognitive development, individuals do the right thing. (2 stages.)
40
stage 1 | moral development
avoid punishment, obey authority
41
stage 2 | moral development
further self-interests, gain reward
42
conventional level | moral development
when at the concrete operational stage of cognitive development or formal operational stage for most people.
43
stage 3 | moral development
conform, live up to expectations of others.
44
stage 4 | moral development
maintain law and order, do your duty.
45
postconventional level | moral development
reached by only some people in the formal operational stage.
46
stage 5 | moral development
social contract, to promote society's welfare.
47
stage 6 | moral development
to promote justice.
48
culture | social development
behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions transmitted from one generation to the next within a group of people who share a common language and environment.
49
bonding | social development
creation of close emotional relationship between mother (or parents) and baby shortly after birth.
50
attachment | social development
a close emotional bond or relationship between the infant and the caregiver.
51
secure attachment | social development
after absence baby is happy to see mother, receptive to her contact. Securely attached babies tend to become socially competent children.
52
insecure attachment | social development
after absence baby is angry and rejecting of mother, avoids her, ignores her, or behaves inconsistently.
53
temperament | social development
an infant's natural disposition to show a particular mood at a particular intensity for a specific period.
54
self-awareness | social development
consciousness of oneself as a person
55
social referencing | social development
observing the behavior of others in social situations to obtain information or guidance.
56
authoritarian parenting style | social development
sets up absolute and restrictive rules accompanied by punishment for disobedience.
57
authoritative parenting style | social development
focuses on flexible rules for which reasons are generally given. Parents are warm and nurture independence within guidelines.
58
permissive parenting style | social development
sets no firm guidelines for behavior and tens to give in to demands of the child.
59
uninvolved parenting style | social development
makes few demands, shows love responsiveness and little communication
60
theory of psychosocial development | social development
Erik Erikson's theory looks at development across the life span in a social context in eight sequential stages during which are faces with a crisis to resolve. | 8 stages
61
Stage 1 (first year) | social development
crisis: trust v mistrust positive resolution: sense of security | theory of psychosocial development
62
stage 2 (second year) | social development
crisis: autonomy v shame/doubt positive resolution: sense of independence | theory of psychosocial development
63
stage 3 (3-5 years) | social development
crisis: initiative v guilt positive resolution: balance between spontaneity and restraint | theory of psychosocial development
64
stage 4 (6 years to puberty) | social development
crisis: industry v inferiority positive resolution: sense of self-confidence | theory of psychosocial development
65
stage 5 (adolescence) | social development
crisis: indentity v role confusion positive resolution: unified sense of self | theory of psychosocial development
66
stage 6 (young adulthood) | social development
crisis: intimacy v isolation positive resolution: form close personal relationships | theory of psychosocial development
67
stage 7 (middle adulthood) | social development
crisis: generativity v stagnation positive resolution: promote well-being of others | theory of psychosocial development
68
stage 8 (late adulthood) | social development
crisis: integrity v despair positive resolution: sense of satisfaction with life well lived | theory of psychosocial development
69
gender | gender development
the sociocultural dimension of being biologically male or female.
70
gender roles | gender development
sets of expectations that prescribe how males and females should act, think, feel.
71
gender identity | gender development
person's sense of being male or female.
72
gender stability | gender development
child's understanding that sex identity is stable over time.
73
gender consistency | gender development
child's understanding that his or her sex won't change even if he or she acts like the opposite sex.
74
gender schema | gender development
mental set of what society considers appropriate behavior for each of the sexes.
75
gender role stereotypes | gender development
broad categories that reflect our impressions and beliefs about males and females.
76
androgyny | gender development
the presence of desirable masculine and feminine characteristics in one individual.

AP Psychology (6 decks)

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