unit 7: motivation, emotion, and stress Flashcards
(73 cards)
motivation
directs and maintains goal-directed behavior.
drive reduction theory
focuses on internal states of tension, such as hunger, that motivate us to pursue actions that reduce the tension and bring us back to homeostasis.
need
a motivated state caused by a physiological deficit.
drive
a state of psychological tension, induced by a need, which motivates us.
incentive theory
beyond the primary motives of food, drink, and sex that push us toward a goal, secondary motives or external stimuli such as money, approval, and grades regulate and pull us toward a goal.
arousal theory
each of us has an optimal level of arousal necessary to perform tasks which varies with the person and activity.
arousal
the level of alertness, wakefulness, and activation caused by activity in the central nervous system.
yerkes-dodson law
for easy tasks, moderately high arousal is optimal; for difficult tasks, moderately low is optimal; and for most average tasks moderate level of arousal is optimal.
maslow’s hierarchy of needs
arranges biological and social needs in priority from the lowest level of (1) basic biological needs to (2) safety and security needs to (3) belongingness and love needs to (4) self-esteem needs to (5) self-actualization needs. The need for self-actualization, the need to fulfill one’s potential, and transcendence, spiritual fulfillment, are the highest needs and can only be realized after each succeeding need below has been fulfilled; lacks evidence to support theory.
physiological motives
primary motives such as hunger, thirst, pain, and sec influenced by biological factors, environmental factors, and learned preferences and habits.
hunger
-stomach contractions
-low blood sugar
-high insulin levels
-stimulated lateral hypthalamus
-norepinephrine
-GABA
set point
preset natural body weight, determined by number of fat cells
thirst
-dry mouth
-shrinking of cells
-low blood volume
pain
promotes avoidance or escape behavior to eliminate causes of discomfort
sex
necessary for survival of the species, but not the individual.
sexual response cycle
arousal, plateau, orgasm, resolution
social motices
learned needs, such as the need for achievement and the need for affiliation
need for achievement
a desire to meet internalized standard of excellence related to productivity and success
affiliation motive
the need to be with other; aroused when people feel threatened, anxious, or celebratory
overjustification effect
where promising a reward for doing something we’re already like to do results in us seeing the reward as the motivation for performing the task, when the reward is taken away, the behavior tends to disappear.
social conflict situations
involve being torn in different directions by opposing motives that block us from attaining a goal, leaving us feeling frustrated and stressed
approach-approach
choose between two good options
approach-avoidance
whether or not to choose an option that have both positive and negative consequences
avoidance-avoidance
choose between two bad options
