Unit 6 - Gene Expression & regulation

Question 1

DNA

Answer 1

DNA is a double-helix composed of nucleotide monomers. It acts as the instruction manual for making protiens and RNA. Its sequences of base pairs can occur in any order. (+ DNA is highly stable bc of its structure)

Question 2

Chromatin

Answer 2

Chromatin refers to a mixture of DNA and proteins that form the chromosomes found in the cells of humans and other higher organisms.

Question 3

Sister Chromatid

Answer 3

A sister chromatid refers to the identical copies formed by the DNA replication of a chromosome, with both copies joined together by a common centromere.

Question 4

Autosomal chrosomsomes

Answer 4

Chromosomes 1-22 that are not sex chromosomes.

Question 5

Centromere

Answer 5

A structure that hold 2 chromatids together. (X)

Question 6

Sex chromosomes

Answer 6

X and Y! Non autosomal.

Question 7

Gene

Answer 7

Basic unit of heredity. Determines a trait. A sequence of nucleotides which codes of RNA and eventually protiens.

Question 8

Genome

Answer 8

A genome is the complete set of genetic material in an organism, including all its genes and non-coding DNA sequences.
It includes both coding (genes) and non-coding regions (like introns, regulatory sequences, etc.).

Question 9

Karyotype

Answer 9

A karyotype is an organized visual display of an individual’s complete set of chromosomes, arranged in homologous pairs. Used to identify chromosomal abnormalities.

Question 10

Histones

Answer 10

Histones are positively charged proteins around which DNA winds to form nucleosomes, the basic unit of chromatin structure in eukaryotic cells. They help condense DNA into a compact form and also play a role in gene regulation through chemical modifications like acetylation and methylation.

Question 11

Double/Single Helix

Answer 11

The structure of DNA and RNA respectiviely.

Question 12

Antiparallel

Answer 12

For the nucleotides to bind they have to be oriented upside down relative to one another, making the two strands anti-parallel. (5’ and 3’ notation).

Question 13

Semi-conservative replication

Answer 13

During DNA replication, a team of enzymes using each strand of the double helix as a template, synethsiexz new daughter starnds. As a result each daughter DNA double helix consists of one conserved strand from the parent moleclue and another that was synthesized anew.

Question 14

Leading strand

Answer 14

At each replication fork, there is a leading and lagging strand. At the leading strand replication is continuous and follows the opening replication fork.

Question 15

Nucleotide

Answer 15

Basic building block of nucleic acids. Made up of a pentose sugar, nitrogenous base, and phosphate group. They form the sugar phosphate backbone of nucleic acids.

Question 16

RNA

Answer 16

Single stranded, used as a messenger for translating RNA into protiens. Also functions to splice introns to make mRNA.

Question 17

Base pairs

Answer 17

DNA: Adedine is complmentary to Thymine. Gaunine is complementary to cytosine. (Bonded through hydrogen bonds)

Question 18

Back bone

Answer 18

In DNA’s sugar phosphate backbone, it’s comprised of covalentally bonded deoxyribose bonded sugars and phosphate groups.

Question 19

Pyrimidines

Answer 19

C U and T cut the Py.

Question 20

Purines

Answer 20

A and U.

Question 21

Transcription

Answer 21

Creating RNA from DNA.

Question 22

Promoter

Answer 22

During transcription, RNA Polymerase binds with a promoter on DNA.

Question 23

Terminator

Answer 23

After the RNA polymerase reaches the terminator region it dissoscates with the DNA.

Question 24

Transcription unit

Answer 24

The promoter, coding region and terminator.

Question 25

Template strand

Answer 25

The specfic base pairing allows each strand to serve as a template for the synthesis of a complementary strand during DNA replication. Also called antisense strand.

Question 26

5' cap

Question 27

poly-A tail

Question 28

GTP cap

Question 29

RNA splicing

Answer 29

Another function of RNA is splicing (cutting) out introns to make mRNA.

Question 30

Introns

Answer 30

Non-coding DNA sequences that are spliced before mRNA leaves the nucleus.

Question 31

Exons

Question 32

Ribosome

Question 33

Translation

Question 34

Condons

Question 35

tRNA

Answer 35

A type of non-coding RNA that functions as an adaptor molecule in protein synthesis. It transports specific amino acids to the ribosome during translation, matching its anticodon sequence with the corresponding codon on mRNA through complementary base pairing. Each tRNA is aminoacylated (charged) by a specific aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, ensuring accurate translation of the genetic code into a polypeptide chain.

Question 36

anticodon

Question 37

intiation

Question 38

Elongation

Question 39

Termination

Question 40

Operon

Question 41

Ligase

Answer 41

Seals the Okazaki fragments with sugar-phospahte bonds.

Question 42

Helicase

Answer 42

Helicase, and enzyme that finds the origin of replication and separates the double stranded DNA. As it's doing it creates a structure called a replication fork. Which is where DNA Polymerase comes in.

Question 43

DNA Polymerase

Answer 43

The key enzyme involved in creating new DNA after the replication fork is formed. DNA polymerase binds new necluides to the 3' end. Although, DNA Polymerase needs a primer to start it can correct errors within DNA.

Question 44

RNA Polymerase

Question 45

Topoisomerase

Question 46

Transgenic organisms

Question 47

Retroviruses

Question 48

Transcription factors

Question 49

Regulatory zones

Question 50

Epigenetics

Question 51

Aneuploidy

Question 52

Deletion

Question 53

Duplication

Question 54

Inversion

Question 55

Translocation

Question 56

Mutagens

Question 57

Transduction

Question 58

Conjugation

Answer 58

Plasmids are extrachromosoal loops of DNA present in bacteria and rarely in eukaryotes, they're involved in horizontal gene transfer between bacterial cells called conjugation. (For antibiotic resistance)

Question 59

Transposition

Question 60

Bacterial Transformation

Question 61

Nondisjunction

Answer 61

When chromosomes don't separate correctly in meiosis/mitosis. The result is a extra or missing chromosome.

Question 62

Homoglous chromosomes

Answer 62

a pair of chromosomes in a diploid organism that have the same genes in the same order, meaning they are similar in structure and size, with one chromosome coming from the mother and the other from the father.

Question 63

Primase

Answer 63

An enzyme that lays down the primer.

Question 64

Single Strand binding protiens

Answer 64

Prevent the DNA from rewinding during replication.

Question 65

Lagging Strand

Answer 65

In the lagging strand DNA is synthesized in the opposite direction of the replication fork which creates small fragments called Okazaki fragments

Question 66

DNA Polymerase I

Answer 66

DNA Polymerase I removes the RNA primers and replaces it with DNA.

Question 67

Central dogma of molecular genetics

Answer 67

DNA, then RNA, then protiens. A sequence of DNA triplets to mRNA codons to a sequence of amino acids.

Question 68

Nondisjunction

Answer 68

When chromosomes don't separate correctly in meiosis/mitosis. The result is a extra or missing chromosome.

Question 69

RNA polymerase

Answer 69

After binding to the promoter region it reads DNA in the 3' to 5' direction and synthesizes RNA in the 5' 3' prime direction. It unravels the DNA and the polymerase adds the base pairs on the template strand.

Question 70

Ribosomes

Answer 70

Involved in protein synthesis Assembly line for coded information from mRNA to assemble strands of amino acids.

Question 71

Elongation