Unit 5

Question 1

Haploid

Answer 1

A cell that only contains 1 chromosome. (n)

Question 2

Gamete

Answer 2

A sex cell (haploid). Examples include sperm and egg.

Question 3

Dipold

Answer 3

A cell that has 2 sets of chromosomes. (2n)

Question 4

Homoglous chromosomes

Answer 4

a pair of chromosomes in a diploid organism that have the same genes in the same order, meaning they are similar in structure and size, with one chromosome coming from the mother and the other from the father.

Question 5

Gregor Mendel and Mendelian genetics

Answer 5

Gregor Mendel discovered genetics. And Medelian genetics A type of genetic allelle meant the dominant allele was expressed.

Question 6

Homozygous

Answer 6

They share 2 same alleles.

Question 7

Heterozygous

Answer 7

Different versions of homoglous chromosomes.

Question 8

Phenotype

Answer 8

The expressed physical traits.

Question 9

Genotype

Answer 9

The genetic combination. (Combo of alleles)

Question 10

Dominant Alleles

Answer 10

Alleles can be dominant or recessive. You can only see the phenotype of the dominant.

Question 11

P Generation

Answer 11

Paternal generation.

Question 12

F1 generation

Answer 12

All hybrids; all heterozygous. Offspring of P generation.

Question 13

F2 generation

Answer 13

Grandchildren of P generation, children of F1 generation. Offspring of a cross between hybrids.

Question 14

Law of segregation

Answer 14

Allells separate independently during meiosis which allows for a different combination of alleles.

Question 15

Law of independent assortment

Answer 15

During gamete formation different pairs of alleles segregate independently of eachother. The given allele from your mother or father is completely random and is not effected by the alleles of the other parents.

Question 16

Monohybrid cross

Answer 16

A genetic cross eximinaing a single trait.

Question 17

Dihybrid cross

Answer 17

A genetic cross examining 2 traits.

Question 18

Linked Genes

Answer 18

Genes located close together on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together because they are less likely to be
separated during crossing over in meiosis. This reduces the independent assortment of these genes. It is impossible for linked genes to be on different chromosomes.

Question 19

Barr Bodies

Answer 19

Barr bodies help determine X chromosome
abnormalities in conditions like Turner syndrome (XO) or
Klinefelter syndrome (XXY)

Question 20

Co-dominace

Answer 20

When both alleles are expressed at the same time, but do no blend! So there may be white portions of a flower and red portions of a flower.

Question 21

Complete Dominace

Answer 21

Dominance where the homozygous completely masks the heterozygous and phenotypically look the same.

Question 22

Sex-Linked genes

Answer 22

Traits and diseases that are more likely to occur in one sex over the other. Mostly sex-linked traits are found on the X chromosome. Which is especialy detrimental to males as they only have one X. Females can be carriers.

Question 23

Allele

Answer 23

A version of a gene. (i.e purple or white flowers different versions of the color gene.)

Question 24

Non-Mendelian genetics

Answer 24

A type of genetic inheritance that is more nuanced compared to Mendelian. It includes Co-dominant.

Question 25

Somatic cell

Answer 25

Any cells other than a reproductive cells.

Question 26

Asexual reproduction

Answer 26

Asexual reproduction produces clones that are genetically identitcal to the parent. Low genetic variation but efficient. Somatic cell divison to create a new indepdent somatic cell.

Question 27

Zygote

Answer 27

The result of a fusion of a sperm and egg; a fertilized ovum.

Question 28

Fertilization

Answer 28

When 2 gametes (haploid) combine to form a zygote (diploid cell).

Question 29

Meiosis I

Answer 29

Duplicated parts of homoglous chromosomes are separated. Reducing the chromosome number. Meiosis I begins with one diploid parent cell and ends with two haploid daughter cells.

Question 30

Meiosis II

Answer 30

Starts with 2 haploid parent cells then the duplicated chromosomes are then separated. In the end 4 genetically different gametes are produced.

Question 31

Chiasmata

Answer 31

The point of contact, the physical link, between two (non-sister) chromatids belonging to homologous chromosomes. Later crossing over occurs.

Question 32

Nondisjunction

Answer 32

When chromosomes don't separate correctly in meiosis/mitosis. The result is a extra or missing chromosome.

Question 33

Autosomal chrosomsomes

Answer 33

Chromosomes 1-22 that are not sex chromosomes.

Question 34

Centromere

Answer 34

A structure that hold 2 chromatids together. (X)

Question 35

Sex chromosomes

Answer 35

X and Y! Non autosomal.

Question 36

Sister Chromatid

Answer 36

A sister chromatid refers to the identical copies formed by the DNA replication of a chromosome, with both copies joined together by a common centromere.

Question 37

Iocus

Answer 37

Specific location of a gene on a chromosome.

Question 38

Chromatin

Answer 38

Chromatin refers to a mixture of DNA and proteins that form the chromosomes found in the cells of humans and other higher organisms.

Question 39

polygenic genes

Answer 39

When 2 or more genes determine a trait.

Question 40

Pedigrees

Question 41

tetrad

Question 42

recombination

Answer 42

Happens during Meiosis I. The order of genes on a chromosome can be determined using recombination frequencies. Pairs of genes with larger recombination frequencies are typically farther apart, while pairs of genes with smaller recombination frequencies are typically closer together.

Question 43

chiasmata

Question 44

Incomplete dominance

Answer 44

Red + White = pink flower, both traits are expressed at the same time and blend.