Unit 3 Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
Laws of Thermodynamics
A
- A cell must harvest energy/energy cannot be created. 2. transfer of energy leads to less less orginzation known as entrophy.
2
Q
Exergonic
A
More energy than products. Energy is released or exits.
3
Q
Endergonic
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Reactants have less energy than the products. Energy is captured endergonic.
4
Q
Denaturing
A
When protiens lose their shape often due to temperature, and Ph changes. In some cases denaturin reversible.
5
Q
Enzymes
A
Enzymes are protiens, catalysts. They also lower the activation energy needed to start a reaction. And they bind to substrates.
6
Q
Substrate
A
a substrate is a molecule upon which an enzyme acts.
7
Q
Activation site
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An active site is a specific region on an enzyme (or other proteins) where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction.
8
Q
Products
A
Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions by binding to substrates, converting them into products
9
Q
Catabolic
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Reactions break down larger more complex moleclues and release energy in the process.
10
Q
Anabolic
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Use energy to build more complex moleclues.
11
Q
Inhibitor
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Inhibtors inhibit enzyme activity.
12
Q
Hinderances to enzyme activity
A
- Ph and Temperature
High temperature will denature protiens.
13
Q
Competitive inhibitor
A
Competitive inhibitor molecules can bind reversibly or irreversibly to the active site of the enzyme.
14
Q
Non competitive inhibitors
A
Noncompetitive inhibitors can bind allosteric sites, changing the activity of the enzyme.
15
Q
Energy
A
Energy input must exceed energy loss to maintain order and to power cellular processes.
16
Q
Cofactors
A
Bind to enzymes or other proteins, they can be metallic ions such as magnesium, iron, copper, cobalt, and manganese. Cofactors are involved in the enzyme’s catalytic activity.
17
Q
Coenzymes
A
Carry chemical groups between enzymes. Examples of coenzymes includes NAD, FAD as well as many vitamins. (A & c)
18
Q
Holoenzyme
A
Is formed when associated cofactors or coenzymes binds to the enzymes’ active site.
19
Q
Feedback inhibitiion
A
The final product inhibits the first enzyme when non-competitive inhibitors are present.
20
Q
Autocrine
A
It is transmitted within its own cell.
21
Q
Paracrine
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Transmission occurs between cells that are Nearby/local.
22
Q
Juxtacrine
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Transmission occurs between cells that are besides, next to, or touching each other.
23
Q
Endocrine
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Transmitted within the bloodstream.
24
Q
Reception
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Receiveing a signal or stimulus (lingand)
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Transduction
Produce different response pathways from transmission.
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Response
The final effects of the signal transduction pathway
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Positive feedback
Increases stimulus, and amplify its effects.
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negative feedback
Decrease/counteracts stimlus, bring back to a set goal.
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Feedback mechanism
Organisms use many feedback mechanisms to either maintain or amplify important chemical systems. This could happen at a molecular level to coordinate the function of a single enzyme or it could happen throughout the body to regulate the organism’s internal temperature.
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Protein phosphatases
Remove phosphate groups from protiens.
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Phosphorlation
adds a phosphate group onto a protien to "activate" it.
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Kinetic energy
Energy associated with motion. For example, a moving car has kinetic energy.
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Potential Energy
Stored energy that has the potential to do work.
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Chemical energy
Energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds, like food or fuel.
35
Energy coupling
The process of using energy released from exergonic reactions to drive endergonic reactions.
36
What is Metabolism?
The set of life-sustaining chemical reactions that occur within organisms to maintain life.
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What is a Catabolic Pathway?
A metabolic pathway that breaks down molecules into smaller units, releasing energy.
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What is an Anabolic Pathway?
A metabolic pathway that builds complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy.
39
What is Kinetic Energy?
Energy associated with motion.
## Footnote
For example, a moving car has kinetic energy.
40
What is Potential Energy?
Stored energy that has the potential to do work, such as a stretched spring or a rock at the top of a hill.
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What is Chemical Energy?
Energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds, like food or fuel.
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What is Energy Coupling?
The process of using energy released from exergonic reactions to drive endergonic reactions.
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What is ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)?
A molecule that stores and transfers energy in cells.
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What is ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate)?
The molecule formed when ATP loses one phosphate group and releases energy.
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What is an Endergonic reaction?
A chemical reaction that requires energy input to proceed.
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What is an Exergonic reaction?
A chemical reaction that releases energy.
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What is an Enzyme?
A protein that speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy.
48
What does it mean to Denature?
The process by which an enzyme or protein loses its shape and function due to environmental changes, like temperature or pH.
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What is Activation Energy?
The energy required to start a chemical reaction.
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What is a Catalyst?
A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process.
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What is an Active Site?
The region on an enzyme where the substrate binds.
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What is a Substrate?
The molecule upon which an enzyme acts.
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What are Cofactors?
Non-protein molecules required by enzymes to be active.
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What are Coenzymes?
Organic cofactors, often vitamins, that assist in enzyme function.
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What is a Competitive Inhibitor?
A molecule that competes with the substrate for binding to the active site of an enzyme.
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What is a Non-competitive Inhibitor?
A molecule that binds to an enzyme at a site other than the active site, changing the enzyme's shape and reducing its activity.
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What is an Allosteric Site?
A site on an enzyme where a molecule can bind, altering the enzyme's shape and activity.
58
What is Feedback Inhibition?
A process in which the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an earlier enzyme in the pathway.
59
What is Cellular Respiration?
The process by which cells break down glucose and other molecules to release energy, typically in the form of ATP.
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What is Fermentation?
An anaerobic process that produces energy in the form of ATP without oxygen, resulting in products like ethanol or lactic acid.
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What is Aerobic Respiration?
Respiration that occurs in the presence of oxygen, producing more ATP than anaerobic processes.
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What are NAD+/NADH and FAD/FADH2?
Coenzymes that carry electrons during redox reactions in cellular respiration.
63
What is Glycolysis?
The breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, occurring in the cytoplasm, producing a small amount of ATP.
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What is Pyruvate?
The end product of glycolysis, which can be further metabolized in the mitochondria.
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What is Pyruvate Oxidation?
The conversion of pyruvate into Acetyl-CoA, producing NADH and CO₂ in the process.
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What is Acetyl CoA?
A molecule that enters the Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle), carrying two-carbon units.
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What is the Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)?
A series of reactions that break down Acetyl-CoA to produce ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO₂.
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What is Linear (Non-cyclical) Electron Flow (ETC)?
The movement of electrons through the Electron Transport Chain to produce ATP.
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What is ATP Synthase?
An enzyme that synthesizes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate during chemiosmosis.
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What is Chemiosmosis?
The movement of protons across a membrane to generate ATP.
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What is Oxidative Phosphorylation?
The production of ATP through the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis in the mitochondria.
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What is Alcohol Fermentation?
A type of anaerobic respiration that converts glucose into ethanol and CO₂.
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What is Lactic Acid Fermentation?
A type of anaerobic respiration that converts glucose into lactic acid and ATP.
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What are Autotrophs?
Organisms that produce their own food from inorganic substances, like plants using sunlight.
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What are Heterotrophs?
Organisms that obtain food by consuming other organisms.
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What is Stroma?
The fluid-filled space around the thylakoids in chloroplasts where the Calvin Cycle takes place.
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What are Thylakoids?
Membrane-bound sacs in chloroplasts where light reactions of photosynthesis occur.
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What is Thylakoid Space?
The space inside the thylakoids where protons accumulate during the light reactions.
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What is Chlorophyll?
The green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.
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What are Stomata?
Pores on the surface of leaves that allow gases (CO₂, O₂) to enter and exit.
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What are Light Reactions?
The first stage of photosynthesis, where light energy is converted to chemical energy (ATP and NADPH).
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What is Photophosphorylation?
The process of adding a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP using light energy.
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What is the Calvin Cycle?
The set of reactions in photosynthesis that uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO₂ into glucose.
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What is Carbon Fixation?
The process of incorporating inorganic carbon (CO₂) into organic molecules during the Calvin Cycle.
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What are Photons?
Light particles that carry energy used in photosynthesis.
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What are Pigments?
Molecules that absorb light energy, such as chlorophyll and carotenoids.
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What is an Absorption Spectrum?
A graph showing the wavelengths of light absorbed by a pigment.
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What is a Light Harvesting Complex?
Groups of proteins and pigments that capture light energy and pass it to the reaction center.
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What is a Reaction Center?
The location in a photosystem where light energy is converted to chemical energy.
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What is a Primary Electron Acceptor?
A molecule that accepts electrons from the reaction center in photosynthesis.
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What are Photosystem I and Photosystem II?
Two protein complexes in the light reactions that work together to convert light energy into chemical energy.
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What is Linear (Non-cyclical) Electron Flow (ETC) in photosynthesis?
The flow of electrons through photosystem II, the electron transport chain, and photosystem I to produce ATP and NADPH.
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What are Rubisco and Ribulose Biphosphate?
Rubisco is the enzyme that fixes CO₂ into ribulose bisphosphate in the Calvin Cycle.
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What is Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate (G3P)?
A three-carbon sugar produced in the Calvin Cycle, which is a precursor to glucose.
95
What is Photorespiration?
A process where oxygen competes with CO₂ in the Calvin Cycle, leading to inefficient photosynthesis.
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What is CAM Photosynthesis?
A form of photosynthesis found in some plants where stomata open at night to minimize water loss.
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What are C3 and C4 Plants?
C3 plants use the Calvin Cycle directly for carbon fixation, while C4 plants use an additional step to increase efficiency in hot, dry environments.
