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Biochemistry > Unit 7 - Carb disorders > Flashcards

Unit 7 - Carb disorders Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

__ glucose levels incompatible with life

A

Very Low

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2
Q

Is high blood glucose fatal?

A

No, but causes damage/disease

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3
Q

Lactose intolerance symptoms

A

Diarrhea
Gas
Bloating

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4
Q

Can lactose itself be absorbed?

A

Not without being broken down because it is a disaccharide

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5
Q

Why does lactose intolerance cause those symptoms?

A

Lactose fermenters in GI metabolize it and cause gas and excess metabolites cause diarrhea

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6
Q

What is lactose broken down into?

A

Galactose and glucose

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7
Q

What breaks down lactose?

A

Intestinal Lactase Phlorizin Hydrolase
Lactase (beta galactosidase)

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8
Q

Is lactase persistence normal?

A

No, only in mutated populations that domesticated cows

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9
Q

3 forms of lactose intolerance

A

Congenital
Primary
Secondary

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10
Q

Congenital lactose intolerance

A

Genetic absence of lactase (v.v. rare)

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11
Q

When is congenital lactose intolerance detected?

A

Immediately because of failure to thrive

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12
Q

How prevalent is Primary lactose intolerance

A

Majority of lactose intolerances

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13
Q

What is primary lactose intolerance

A

Lactase that doesn’t persist past infancy

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14
Q

What percent of normal lactase level is needed to be asymptomatic?

A

50%

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15
Q

What is secondary lactose intolerance

A

Intestinal disease diminishes lactase
Treatable by treating underlying condition

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16
Q

What is galactosemia

A

Lactose = glucose + galactose
Galactose can’t be converted
Absence of one of 3 enzyme req. to metabolize galactose

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17
Q

What builds up in galactosemia?

A

Galactose and metabolites

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18
Q

How severe is galactosemia?

A

75% mortality without treatment

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19
Q

What does galactosemia cause?

A

Liver disease - hepatomegaly, cirrhosis
Cataracts
Brain damage
Kidney damage
Hypoglycemia

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20
Q

How does excess human GH affect glucose?

A

Glucose intolerance
Bone & Tissue Growth issues

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21
Q

Two forms of excess GH

A

Child - Pituitary gigantism
Adult - Acromegaly

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22
Q

What causes excess GH?

A

Most common - Pituitary tumor

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23
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

Tumor of adrenal medulla

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24
Q

What does pheochromocytoma produce?

A

Epinephrine/adrenaline

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25
What is a result of pheochromocytoma
Hyperglycemia Rapid heartbeat High blood pressure
26
Glucose intolerance associated with
Cortisol excess Hyperthyroidism
27
A goiter and exophtalmopathy is present as well as glucose intolerance, what could this be?
Hyperthyroidism
28
Hyperglycemia needs to be followed up with
A full endocrine workup
29
Hypoglycemia blood glucose levels
<50 mg/dL
30
Signs/Symptoms of hypoglycemia
Neurologic issues - Tremors, blurred vision, headache, fatigue, etc Hunger Rapid pulse
31
Normal newborn glucose
35 mg/dL
32
Whipple's Triad for Hypoglycemia
Signs/Symptoms Low plasma glucose Relief of s/s with glucose administration
33
Best way to diagnosis hypoglycemia?
72 hour fast with levels of glucose, insulin, proinsulin, and C-peptide drawn every 6 hours
34
What level are low in artificial insulin overdose?
C-peptide should be low with increased insulin
35
Insulinoma
High insulin, High C peptide
36
Low Glucose High Insulin High C-peptide
Insulinoma
37
Low Glucose High Insulin Low C-peptide
Insulin admin with Ab cross reactivity
38
Low glucose Low Insulin Low C-peptide
Insulin admin without AB cross reactivity
39
Diabetes in Green
To pass through
40
Diabetes Insipidus - Taste
Bland, no taste urine
41
Diabetes Mellitis - Taste
Honey, sweet tasting urine
42
Diabetes Mellitus
Loss of glucose tolerance
43
Diabetics have on average ___ times the healthcare costs
2.3 times
44
More people die of __ than breast cancer and aids in the US
Diabetes Melitus than breast cancer and aids combined
45
Type 1 DM
Lack of insulin (5-10%)
46
Type 2 DM
Insulin resistance (90-95%)
47
Gestational Diabetes
Resolves when pregnancy complete (7% all pregnancies)
48
What can cause no insulin synthesis in Type I DM
Autoantibodies Autoimmunity against beta cells Pancreatic disease
49
What can cause insulin resistance in Type 2 DM
Type A - Obesity Type B - Ab to insulin receptors Impaired glucose transport
50
Patient has hyperglycemia and increased urine volume, what should this be?
Type 1 or Type 2 DM
51
Patient has hyperglycemia and increased thirst, what should this be?
Type 1 or Type 2 DM
51
Patient has hyperglycemia with appetite and weight loss, what should this be?
Type 1 DM
52
Patient has hyperglycemia with obesity and weight gain, what could this be?
Type 2 DM
53
Patient has hyperglycemia with recurrent infection, UTI, and vaginitis what could this be?
Type 2 DM
54
Which type of diabetes is associated with metabolic acidosis?
Type 1
55
Diabetic ketoacidosis is associated with what type of DM?
Type 1
56
Acanthuses nigricans
Darkening in skin folds because of insulin resistance in Type 2 DM
57
Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma
High Glucose Low pH No ketoacids produced
58
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Low blood pH Metabolic acidosis High anion gap Low bicarb
59
What causes metabolic acidosis in Type I DM
Production of ketoacids because body isn't producing carbs cuz of no glucose
60

Biochemistry (26 decks)

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