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Biochemistry > Unit 6 - Redone > Flashcards

Unit 6 - Redone Flashcards

1
Q

Basic carbohydrate composition

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

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2
Q

Reducing sugars

A

Fructose
Glucose
Galactose

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3
Q

What is a reducing sugar? What does it contain and what does it do?

A

It is a sugar with an aldehyde group, capable of reducing cupric to cuprous

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4
Q

What is the significance of monosaccharides taking on different forms

A

Polarize light in different directions

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5
Q

Mono vs Di saccharides

A

Mono: Fructose Glucose Galactose
Di: Sucrose Maltose Lactose

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6
Q

storage carbohydrates of animals

A

Glycogen

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7
Q

storage carbohydrates of plants

A

Starch

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8
Q

Where is glycogen stored

A

Liver

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9
Q

If glycogen stores are full, what happens to glucose?

A

Turned into triglycerides and stored as fat

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10
Q

Glucogenesis

A

Liver converts non glucose monosaccharides into glucose

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11
Q

What begins the breakdown of carbs?

A

Salivary amylase

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12
Q

Glycogenesis

A

Liver stores glucose as glycogen

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13
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Liver breaks down glycogen for glucose

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14
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate sources

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15
Q

What noncarb sources are used to make glucose?

A

Lipids
Amino Acids
Glycerol
Lactate

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16
Q

Lipogenesis

A

Fat formation with excess glucsoe

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17
Q

Where is insulin produced

A

Beta islets of langerhans

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18
Q

Where is glucagon produced

A

Alpha islets of langerhans

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19
Q

Cortisol levels in Cushing Syndrome

A

High

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20
Q

Cortisol levels in Addisons DIsease

A

Low

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21
Q

This is released in response to high glucose levels

A

Insulin

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22
Q

Specimens for Glucose testing

A

Serum
Plasma - NaF or Heparin
Whole Blood - Capillary
CSF - Centrifuge and test supernatant ASAP
Urine

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23
Q

Dipstick uses which method?

A

Glucose oxidase

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24
Q

Glucose levels in the urine should be…

A

Undetectable

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25
Normal fasting plasma glucose
74-99 mg/dL
26
If not separated, how much do glucose levels go down?
5-7% per hour
27
Glycolysis is primarily done by which cells?
WBC
28
Removal of glucose should be done according to CLSI
Less than 2 hours, but really ASAP
29
Best specimen for glucose testing?
Gel barrier tube
30
Separated specimens are stable for how long?
RT - 8 hours Fridge - 3 days
31
How does HCT affect glucose levels?
higher HCT, lower glucose Neonates
32
CSF Glucose vs Plasma Glucose
CSF glucose 60% of plasma glucose
33
WB glucose vs plasma glucose
WB 10-15% lower than serum
34
Why is WB glucose lower than plasma glucose
Dilution effect from the red blood cells
35
Renal Threshold for Glucose
160-180 mg/dL
36
Renal Glycosuria
People who have low renal thresholds
37
A patient just ate a meal before getting their blood drawn. What should their urine glucose levels look like?
None to low levels
38
What interferes with the clinitest?
Ascorbic acid
39
Current methods to measure glucose
Enzymatic
40
Hexokinase
Detect NADPH production at 340nm using tetrazolium color reagent
41
Glucose oxidase
Detect production of hydrogen peroxide or consumption of oxygen
42
Glycation of hemoglobin is ___ and ___
Nonenzymatic and irreversible
43
Hgb A1c reflects plasma glucose levels over..
8-12 weeks
44
Hgb A0 =
Non-glycated hemoglobin
45
Hgb A1 =
glycated hemoglobin
46
Hgb A1c is...
hgb with glucose attached to the amino terminus of the beta chain
47
Specimen for glycated hemoglobin
EDTA stable at 4C for 1 week
48
What percent of glycated hemoglobin is hemoglobin A1c
80%
49
Hgb A1c Reference range
4-6%
50
Methods of detecting hemoglobin A1c?
Detect bond Detect charge difference Enzymatically split glycated portion off and measure it
51
When should hemoglobinopathy be suspected?
When hgb <4% or >15%
52
How does IDA affect Hgb A1c levels?
False increase up to 1.5%
53
when can you test Ghgb levels in IDA?
When its gone
54
how does renal insufficiency affect Ghgb levels?
False decrease; inc of urea causes it to bind to the N terminus
55
True hypoglycemia
Liver issues Diet Overtaking diabetes meds
56
How do young cells affect Ghgb levels?
Decrease, more young cells = Ghgb decrease
57
Fructosamine
Fructose + Albumin - Detects early diabetes or useful in hemoglobinopathies
58
Ketones detected in serum or urine
Acetone, acetoacetate, beta-OH butyrate
59
Proinsulin
Breaks into insulin and C-peptide
60
High insulin Low C peptide
Artificial insulin injection
61
High insulin High C peptide
Possible beta cell tumor
62
Microalbumin
Detect early renal nephropathy
63
Type 1 diabetes
Antibodies to the islet cells

Biochemistry (26 decks)

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