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Biochemistry > Unit 6 - Redone > Flashcards

Unit 6 - Redone Flashcards

1
Q

Basic carbohydrate composition

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

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2
Q

Reducing sugars

A

Fructose
Glucose
Galactose

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3
Q

What is a reducing sugar? What does it contain and what does it do?

A

It is a sugar with an aldehyde group, capable of reducing cupric to cuprous

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4
Q

What is the significance of monosaccharides taking on different forms

A

Polarize light in different directions

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5
Q

Mono vs Di saccharides

A

Mono: Fructose Glucose Galactose
Di: Sucrose Maltose Lactose

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6
Q

storage carbohydrates of animals

A

Glycogen

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7
Q

storage carbohydrates of plants

A

Starch

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8
Q

Where is glycogen stored

A

Liver

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9
Q

If glycogen stores are full, what happens to glucose?

A

Turned into triglycerides and stored as fat

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10
Q

Glucogenesis

A

Liver converts non glucose monosaccharides into glucose

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11
Q

What begins the breakdown of carbs?

A

Salivary amylase

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12
Q

Glycogenesis

A

Liver stores glucose as glycogen

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13
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Liver breaks down glycogen for glucose

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14
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate sources

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15
Q

What noncarb sources are used to make glucose?

A

Lipids
Amino Acids
Glycerol
Lactate

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16
Q

Lipogenesis

A

Fat formation with excess glucsoe

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17
Q

Where is insulin produced

A

Beta islets of langerhans

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18
Q

Where is glucagon produced

A

Alpha islets of langerhans

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19
Q

Cortisol levels in Cushing Syndrome

A

High

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20
Q

Cortisol levels in Addisons DIsease

A

Low

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21
Q

This is released in response to high glucose levels

A

Insulin

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22
Q

Specimens for Glucose testing

A

Serum
Plasma - NaF or Heparin
Whole Blood - Capillary
CSF - Centrifuge and test supernatant ASAP
Urine

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23
Q

Dipstick uses which method?

A

Glucose oxidase

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24
Q

Glucose levels in the urine should be…

A

Undetectable

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25
Q

Normal fasting plasma glucose

A

74-99 mg/dL

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26
Q

If not separated, how much do glucose levels go down?

A

5-7% per hour

27
Q

Glycolysis is primarily done by which cells?

A

WBC

28
Q

Removal of glucose should be done according to CLSI

A

Less than 2 hours, but really ASAP

29
Q

Best specimen for glucose testing?

A

Gel barrier tube

30
Q

Separated specimens are stable for how long?

A

RT - 8 hours
Fridge - 3 days

31
Q

How does HCT affect glucose levels?

A

higher HCT, lower glucose
Neonates

32
Q

CSF Glucose vs Plasma Glucose

A

CSF glucose 60% of plasma glucose

33
Q

WB glucose vs plasma glucose

A

WB 10-15% lower than serum

34
Q

Why is WB glucose lower than plasma glucose

A

Dilution effect from the red blood cells

35
Q

Renal Threshold for Glucose

A

160-180 mg/dL

36
Q

Renal Glycosuria

A

People who have low renal thresholds

37
Q

A patient just ate a meal before getting their blood drawn. What should their urine glucose levels look like?

A

None to low levels

38
Q

What interferes with the clinitest?

A

Ascorbic acid

39
Q

Current methods to measure glucose

A

Enzymatic

40
Q

Hexokinase

A

Detect NADPH production at 340nm using tetrazolium color reagent

41
Q

Glucose oxidase

A

Detect production of hydrogen peroxide or consumption of oxygen

42
Q

Glycation of hemoglobin is ___ and ___

A

Nonenzymatic and irreversible

43
Q

Hgb A1c reflects plasma glucose levels over..

A

8-12 weeks

44
Q

Hgb A0 =

A

Non-glycated hemoglobin

45
Q

Hgb A1 =

A

glycated hemoglobin

46
Q

Hgb A1c is…

A

hgb with glucose attached to the amino terminus of the beta chain

47
Q

Specimen for glycated hemoglobin

A

EDTA
stable at 4C for 1 week

48
Q

What percent of glycated hemoglobin is hemoglobin A1c

A

80%

49
Q

Hgb A1c Reference range

A

4-6%

50
Q

Methods of detecting hemoglobin A1c?

A

Detect bond
Detect charge difference
Enzymatically split glycated portion off and measure it

51
Q

When should hemoglobinopathy be suspected?

A

When hgb <4% or >15%

52
Q

How does IDA affect Hgb A1c levels?

A

False increase up to 1.5%

53
Q

when can you test Ghgb levels in IDA?

A

When its gone

54
Q

how does renal insufficiency affect Ghgb levels?

A

False decrease; inc of urea causes it to bind to the N terminus

55
Q

True hypoglycemia

A

Liver issues
Diet
Overtaking diabetes meds

56
Q

How do young cells affect Ghgb levels?

A

Decrease, more young cells = Ghgb decrease

57
Q

Fructosamine

A

Fructose + Albumin
- Detects early diabetes or useful in hemoglobinopathies

58
Q

Ketones detected in serum or urine

A

Acetone, acetoacetate, beta-OH butyrate

59
Q

Proinsulin

A

Breaks into insulin and C-peptide

60
Q

High insulin
Low C peptide

A

Artificial insulin injection

61
Q

High insulin High C peptide

A

Possible beta cell tumor

62
Q

Microalbumin

A

Detect early renal nephropathy

63
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

Antibodies to the islet cells

Biochemistry (26 decks)

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