Unit 4 - Redone ( need to finish )

Question 1

Electroendosmosis

Answer 1

Gamma globulins smacking into cations and moving towards the cathode instead of anode

Question 2

Causes of elevated total protein

Answer 2

Hemoconcentration
Overproduction
Excess retention

Question 3

Causes of low total protein levels

Answer 3

Liver disease
Malabsorption/Malnutrition
Excessive loss (Kidney disease, burns, GI disease, edema)

Question 4

What has the greatest effect on oncotic pressure?

Answer 4

Albumin

Question 5

Osmotic vs Oncotic (Colloidal osmotic) Pressure

Answer 5

Osmotic - total number of dissolved particles
Oncotic - Portion of osmotic pressure that is made up of proteins or colloidal molecules

Question 6

Where is serum albumin synthesized

Answer 6

Liver

Question 7

Decreased albumin synthesis caused by

Answer 7

Cirrhosis or liver disease
Negative Acute Phase Reactant
Malabsorption/Malnutrition
Hereditary analbuminemia

Question 8

Loss of albumin caused by

Answer 8

Renal-nephrotic syndrome
Severe Burns
Open wounds
Excessive bleeding
GI tract loss

Question 9

Elevations of albumin typically mean

Answer 9

Dehydration or hemoconcentration

Question 10

Tamm Horsfall

Answer 10

Small wear and tear proteins present in urine

Question 11

Low albumin levels can be due to

Answer 11

APR
Chronic inflammation
Nephrotic Syndrome
GI protein loss
Liver dysfunction
Malnutrition

Question 12

Hypoalbuminemia vs analbuminemia

Answer 12

Hypo- Low with no other abnormalities
An - Profoundly low

Question 13

Smallest band (normally)

Answer 13

Alpha - 1

Question 14

Important Alpha - 1 Fractions

Answer 14

A-1 Antitrypsin (!)

Question 15

What does alpha-1 antitrypsin do

Answer 15

Controls effect of proteolytic enzymes following inflammatory reactions

Question 16

IMportant Alpha - 2 Fractions

Answer 16

Haptoglobin
Cerruloplasmin

Question 17

In a non-split gel, a slight division can be seen in a normally homogenous band. What could this be?

Answer 17

Fresh serum due to complement

Question 18

Important Beta-1 Fractions

Answer 18

Transferrin
Hemopexin

Question 19

Importnat Beta-2 Fractions

Answer 19

LDL
C3

Question 20

Important Gamma Fractions

Answer 20

Gamma Globulins (IgA, IgM, IgG) (IgD, IgE too low to be picked up)
CRP (near application point)

Question 21

Bisalbuminemia and what its seen in

Answer 21

Two Alb peaks
Seen in Diabetics or Certain drugs

Question 22

Acute Phase Reaction Pattern

Answer 22

Low Albumin
high Alpha-1
High Alpha-2
Low Transferrin (beta-1)

Question 22

Nephrotic Syndrome Pattern

Answer 22

Profoundly low albumin
Elevated Alpha-2
Like APR but more extreme

Question 23

If a spike appears to be CRP in nephrotic syndrome or APR, how do you report that?

Answer 23

You can’t confirm CRP
“Consistent with monoclonal spike”

Question 24

Polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia Pattern

Answer 24

Broad increase of gamma region
can be accompanied with APR -
Low Albumin
high Alpha 2

Question 25

Polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia can be due to

Answer 25

Chronic or current inflammation
Current infection

Question 26

Severe Hepatic Disease

Answer 26

Polyclonal gammopathy
Overal depression of proteins

Question 27

Hypogammaglobulinemia can be due to

Answer 27

Bruton agammaglobulinemia
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency

Question 28

Antitrypsin deficiency can cause…

Answer 28

Lung damage
Liver damage or cirrhosis from unsecreted A1AT

Question 29

Beta-Gamma bridge due to

Answer 29

Cirrhosis or Liver Disease

Question 30

Beta Gamma bridge causes

Answer 30

Low Albumin
Beta Gamma bridge

Question 31

Waldenstroms Macroglobulinemia

Answer 31

Possible cause of monoclonal spike (IgM)