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AP Psychology (24-25) > Unit 7 - Development > Flashcards

Unit 7 - Development Flashcards

(81 cards)

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1
Q

Longitudinal study

A

Studying the same group over a considerable span of time.

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2
Q

Cross-sectional study

A

Studying data from different populations at a specific point in time.

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3
Q

Behavior genetics

A

Study of genetic and environmental influences on specific behaviors and can lead to specific behavior and mental abilities.

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4
Q

Gender role

A

Culturally prescribed set of behaviors for males and females.

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5
Q

Gender identity

A

One’s personal sense of being male or female.

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6
Q

Gender typing

A

Acquisition of a traditional feminine or masculine gender role.

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7
Q

Developmental psychology

A

Branch of psychology concerned with physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the lifespan.

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8
Q

Stability vs. change

A

Do individual’s dispositions change as they get older or are they constant?

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9
Q

Nature vs. nurture

A

How does our genetic inheritance interact with our experiences to influence our development?

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10
Q

Continuous vs. discontinuous

A

Continuous development means relatively even process without distinct stages (gradually changes over time) and discontinuous development means stages are marked by age-specified periods of time.

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11
Q

Teratogens

A

Any drugs, viruses, or other substances that cross the mother’s placenta and can harm the developing embryo or fetus.

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12
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome

A

Physical and cognitive abnormalities that heavy drinking by a pregnant woman may cause in the developing child.

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13
Q

Maternal illness

A

Impacts prenatal development - infections, diabetes, high blood pressure can interfere with normal development leading to birth defects, growth restrictions, etc.

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14
Q

Genetic mutations

A

Can cause genetic disorders and birth defects. Down syndrome, sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis and others.

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15
Q

Hormonal factors

A

Can impact growth and development or cause miscarriage or preterm birth.

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16
Q

Environmental factors

A

Such as maternal stress, exposure to toxins, chemicals, radiation, smoke, or medications can lead to birth defects, developmental issues.

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17
Q

Grasping reflex

A

Newborns curl their finger around objects when their palms are touched.

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18
Q

Rooting reflex

A

Newborn’s tendency when the cheek is stroked to orient toward the stimulus and begin sucking.

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19
Q

Schemas

A

Mental concepts or frameworks that organize and interpret information; a theory of cognitive development by Piaget.

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20
Q

Assimilation

A

Interpreting a new experience in terms of an existing schema (Same schema).

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21
Q

Accommodation

A

Changing an existing schema to incorporate new information that cannot be assimilated. (creates change)

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22
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

(0-2 years) The infant explores the world through direct sensory and motor contact. Object permanence and separation anxiety develop during this stage.

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23
Q

Preoperational stage

A

(2-6 years) The child uses symbols (words and images) to represent objects but does not reason logically. The child also has the ability to pretend. During this stage, the child is egocentric. (Pretend play, animism, and artificialism also occur in this stage).

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24
Q

Concrete Operational

A

(7-12 years) The child can think logically about concrete objects and can thus add and subtract. The child also understands conversation.

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25
Formal operational
(12 years-adult) The adolescent can reason abstractly and think in hypothetical terms.
26
Object permanence
Develops during sensorimotor stage; awareness that things do not cease to exist when not perceived/are hidden.
27
Stranger anxiety
Fear and distress that develops when children are confronted by individuals who are unknown to them; occurs during Piaget's sensorimotor stage.
28
Animism
Belief that inanimate objects have feelings and humanlike qualities; occurs during Piaget's preoperational stage.
29
Parallel play
Play individually alongside another child - children are both stacking blocks individually - occurs during Piaget's preoperational stage.
30
Pretend play
Imaginary scenes, roles, narratives; occurs during Piaget's preoperational stage.
31
Egocentrism
Piaget's theory that during the preoperational stage, children have difficulty considering others' viewpoints.
32
Conservation
Principle that properties such as number, volume, and mass remain constant despite changes in the forms of objects; it is acquired during the concrete Operational stage; part of one dimensional thinking.
33
Sociocultural perspective
Suggested by Lev Vygotsky under the belief that social and cultural environment allows children to progress through development stages more quickly or more slowly, depending on the stimuli in that environment.
34
Zone of proximal development
The difference between what a learner can do without help and what a learner can do with help; by Lev Vygotsky.
35
Theory of mind
Our ideas about our own and others' thoughts, feelings, and perceptions and the behaviors these might predict.
36
Autism
Disorder that appears in childhood marked by deficiencies in communication, social interaction, and theory of mind often with language delays, cognitive deficits, and repetitive behaviors; blurred self-concept.
37
Attachment
Emotional tie with another person, shown in young children by their seeking closeness to a caregiver and showing distress on separation.
38
Secure attachment
When the caregiver leaves the baby with a stranger, the baby is upset and cries for a while but then will engage in the environment/toys and when the caregiver returns, the baby tries to touch the caregiver and then returns to playing.
39
Anxious attachment
An insecure attachment when the caregiver leaves the baby with a stranger, the baby is very distressed and when the caregiver returns, the baby is resentful of the caregiver.
40
Avoidant attachment
An insecure attachment when the caregiver leaves the baby with a stranger, the baby is indifferent and when the caregiver returns, the baby is indifferent or may seek contact but then pull away.
41
Disorganized attachment
An insecure attachment when the caregiver leaves the baby shows an indifference and being upset when the caregiver returns the baby shows a mixed reaction between seeking comfort and pulling away.
42
Temperament
Measure of a child's activity level, sociability, and emotional reactivity and intensity.
43
Easy temperament
Babies cry little and easy to calm and have predictable sleep/wake cycles and generally happy and cheerful.
44
Difficult temperament
Less predictable and more irritable and challenging to calm with unpredictable sleep and wake patterns.
45
Contact comfort
Physical comfort a caregiver provided; studied in Harry Harlow's experiments on attachment of monkeys to a wire or cloth covered mother.
46
Sensitive period
Period when we should learn a skill or task. If we don't, it may be difficult or impossible to learn.
47
Critical period
Limited time shortly after birth during which an organism must be exposed to certain experiences or influences if it is to develop properly.
48
Imprinting
Instinctive bonding to the first moving object seen within hours after birth; Konrad Lorenz and his baby goslings.
49
Basic trust
Per Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy - a concept that infants form if their needs are met by a responsive caregiver.
50
Microsystem
Groups that have direct contact with person/immediate environment
51
Mesosystem
Relationships between groups/environments
52
Exosystem
Indirect environments in a person's life
53
Macrosystem
Cultural or social events that impacts a person and others around them.
54
Chronosystem
Current state of life and changes over time.
55
Authoritarian parents
Enforce their rules without input from children and live by philosophy "my way or the highway"; impose their will on their children, often behaving this way to protect them.
56
Authoritative parents
Responsive to the input and needs to their children and set rules and expectations but are not as rigid and demanding.
57
Children of authoritative parents...
Well balanced, exhibiting decision making abilities, and high self-esteem.
58
Permissive parents
Very lax in parenting allows the child to have much freedom and make many decisions and can be very indulged; often have more of a friendship with the child and have few boundaries.
59
Children of permissive parents...
Very impulsive and demanding because they have become accustomed to getting their way.
60
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)
Influence relationships throughout the lifespan. Sociocultural differences exist in what is considered ACE and how it affects outcomes people may experience.
61
Self-concept
Person's sense of identity and personal worth.
62
Adolescence
Life stage from puberty to independent adulthood, denoted physically by a growth spurt and maturation of primary and secondary sex characteristics, cognitively by the onset of formal operational thought, and socially by formation of identity.
63
Puberty
Early adolescent period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproduction.
64
Primary sex characteristics
Body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that enable reproduction.
65
Secondary sex characteristics
non-reproductive sexual characteristics, for example, female breasts, male voice quality, and body hair.
66
Menarche
First menstrual period
67
Spermarche
First ejaculation
68
Identity
The primary task of an adolescent per Erikson is to create one's sense of self.
69
Identity diffusion
Time in which an adolescent has not yet undergone an identity crisis and have made no commitment about their own identity.
70
Identity foreclosure
Teens often simply adopt the view of their parents or society then adopt their own core beliefs.
71
Identity moratorium
Adolescents struggling with their sense of identity and experience identity crisis (explore careers, religious beliefs, political beliefs)
72
Identity achievement
A post-crisis phase during which individuals have identified and acknowledged who they are or what they want to be.
73
Intimacy
Primary task of last adolescence and early adulthood when one establishes close, loving, relationships.
74
Social clock
Culturally preferred timing of social events, such as leaving home, marrying, having children, and retiring.
75
Midlife crisis
Emotional and identity-questioning crisis occurring in early middle age.
76
Physical changes in adulthood
Known as a period of leveling off then varying decline in reproductive ability, mobility, flexibility, reaction time, and visual and auditory sensory acuity.
77
Menopause
Cessation of menstruation and typically occurs in early fifties.
78
Crystalized knowledged
Learned knowledge remains relatively stable in adulthood and then declines around age 60.
79
Fluid intelligence
Speed of processing declines in early adulthood, peak around age 30.o
80
Dementia
Brain condition in which thinking, memory, and behavior begin to deteriorate.
81
Alzheimer's Disease
Degenerative disease in which memory loss is progressive and plaques accumulate in nervous system tissues and lover levels of ACh and genetic trait in chromosome 19.

AP Psychology (24-25) (9 decks)

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