Unit 7 IDS Flashcards
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Utilitarianism
A: The idea of Jeremy Bentham that social policies should promote the max happiness and well-being for the majority.
B: Inspired British reformer Edwin Chadwick who diesierd to make the new cities of the industrial age more cleanly, and livable.
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Edwin Chadwick
A: A British social reformer known for his work in public health and sanitation.
- Belived in miasmatic theory of disease — the belief that people contracted disease when they inhaled the bad odors
-Chadwick believed that government should help prevent disease by cleaning up the urban environment.
- wrote “sanitary conditions of the laboring population” 1842
B: Chadwick’s report became the basis of Great Britain’s first public health law, which created a national health board and gave cities broad authority to build modern sanitation systems.
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the ‘Great Stink’
A: A public health crisis in London during the summer of 1858 caused by the smell of untreated human waste in the River Thames and industrial effluent.
B: underscored the urgent need for change.
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Germ Theory
A: The idea that disease was caused by the spread of living organisms.
B: The breathtaking implication of this discovery was that specific diseases were caused by specific living organisms — germs — and that those organisms could be controlled.
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Louis Pasteur
A: A French biologist renowned for his discoveries in microbiology and vaccination.
B: He first He CREATED Germ Theory (and pasteurization) as well as a vaccine for rabies and anthrax. His discovery of germ theory lead to these improvements:
-Effective vaccines
-Acceptance of germ theory brought about dramatic improvements in the deadly environment of hospitals and operating rooms.
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Robert Koch
A: A German physician and microbiologist he and his coworkers developed pure cultures of harmful bacteria and described their life cycles.
B: This is the straw that broke the camels back when it came to the widespread acceptance of germ theory
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Joseph Lister
A: A English surgeon who made them connection between aerial bacteria and the problem of wound infection. However he only disinfected the wound, he didn’t think of applying it to tools etc.
B: His antiseptic principle made the number of death caused by infection post op decline from 47% to only 15%. And once this logic was applied to sterilizing surgical tools, hands, etc this number dropped even more, the new practice around washing hands saved the lives of countless mothers.
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Napoleon III
A: The Emperor of the French from 1852 to 1870, known for his role in the modernization of France.
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Baron Georges Haussmann
A: A French civic planner known for his renovation of Paris.
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Professionalization
A: The process of becoming a professional, often involving the establishment of standards and qualifications.
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Labor Aristocracy
A: A term referring to the skilled workers who were better paid and had more job security than unskilled workers.
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Sweated Industries
A: Industries characterized by low wages and poor working conditions, often involving women and children.
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What are Separate Spheres?
A: A social ideology that defines distinct roles for men and women, particularly in the context of work and home.
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What is Thermodynamics?
A: The branch of physics that deals with the relationships between heat and other forms of energy.
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What is the Second Industrial Revolution?
A: period of rapid industrial growth in the late 19th and early 20th centuries characterized by technological advancements.
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Who is Charles Lyell?
A: A geologist known for his work in establishing the principles of modern geology.
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Who is Jean-Baptiste Lamarck?
A: A French naturalist known for his early theories of evolution.
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Who is Charles Darwin?
A: An English naturalist best known for his contributions to the theory of evolution.
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What is ‘On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection’?
A: A seminal work by Charles Darwin that introduced the theory of evolution through natural selection.
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What is Social Darwinism?
A: A social theory that applies the concept of natural selection to human societies, often used to justify inequality.
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What is Realism in literature?
A: A literary movement that aims to represent everyday life and society as it is.
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Who is Honoré de Balzac?
A: A French novelist and playwright known for his series of novels and stories collectively titled ‘La Comédie Humaine.’
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Who is Gustave Flaubert?
A: A French novelist known for his novel ‘Madame Bovary,’ which is a critical portrayal of bourgeois life.
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Who is Emile Zola?
A: A French novelist and playwright known for his contributions to the literary school of naturalism.
