Unit 7: JUST Personality

Question 1

Sigmund Freud

Answer 1

his psychoanalytic theory proposed that childhood and unconscious motivations influence personality

Question 2

Personality

Answer 2

an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

Question 3

psychodynamic theories

Answer 3

theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

Question 4

Psychoanalysis

Answer 4

Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts & actions to unconscious motives and conflicts;

techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

Question 5

unconscious

Answer 5

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, memories.

info processing we are unaware of

Question 6

Free Association

Answer 6

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

Question 7

id

Answer 7

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual & aggressive drives

id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

Question 8

ego

Answer 8

the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, & reality.

ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

Question 9

superego

Answer 9

the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations

Question 10

psychosexual stages

Answer 10

the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital)

according to Freud, the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

Question 11

oral stage

Answer 11

(0-18 months) pleasure centers on the mouth- sucking, biting, chewing

Question 12

Anal stage

Answer 12

(18-26 months) pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination: coping with demands for control

Question 12

Anal stage

Answer 12

(18-26 months) pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination: coping with demands for control

Question 13

phalic stage

Answer 13

(3-6 years) pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings

Question 14

Latent stage

Answer 14

(6 to puberty) a phase of dormant sex feelings

Question 15

Genital Stage

Answer 15

(adulthood) maturation of sex interests

Question 16

Oedipus complex

Answer 16

according to Freud, a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

can be coped thru identification w/ father

Question 17

arrested development

Answer 17

failure to develop beyond a particular point of development

Question 18

identification

Answer 18

children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos (FREUD)

Question 19

Fixation

Answer 19

a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved (FREUD)

Question 20

Defense Mechanisms

Answer 20

ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

Question 21

Displacement

Answer 21

defense mechanism that shifts sexual / aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable / less threatening object / person,

as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet

Question 22

Sublimation

Answer 22

defense mechanism

people re-channel their unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities.

Question 23

reaction formation

Answer 23

defense mechanism

ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites

ppl may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings.

Question 24

Regression

Answer 24

defense mechanism individual faced w/ anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated Acting like a younger age when anxiety was not experienced.

Question 25

Rationalization

Answer 25

defense mechanism offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions.

Question 26

Projection

Answer 26

defense mechanism ppl disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

Question 27

difference between projection and displacement

Answer 27

projection = when a person credits others for their own undesirable impulses, while displacement is releasing aggressive impulses toward a less threatening outlet

Question 28

Repression

Answer 28

basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

Question 29

incomplete repression

Answer 29

an error in speech, memory, or physical action that is believed to be caused by the unconscious mind

Question 30

Denial

Answer 30

Defense mechanism ppl refuse to believe / even to perceive painful realities.

Question 31

Alfred Adler

Answer 31

Neo-Freudian; introduced concept of "inferiority complex" and stressed the importance of birth order (believed personality = function of birth order)

Question 32

Strive for superiority

Answer 32

according to Adler, tendency is a result of a need to compensate for our feelings of inferiority.

Question 33

Inferiority Complex

Answer 33

a pattern of avoiding feelings of inadequacy rather than trying to overcome their source

Question 34

Karen Horney

Answer 34

offered feminist critique of Freud's theory

Question 35

Penis envy

Answer 35

Freud, the female desire to have a penis - a condition that usually results in their attraction to males

Question 36

womb envy

Answer 36

Horney's comment than men are likely to feel womb envy because they are unable to bear children

Question 37

object relations

Answer 37

modern development in psychodynamic theory involving the study of how children incorporate the memories and values of people who are close and important to them.

Question 38

Carl Jung

Answer 38

neo-Freudian who created concept of "collective unconscious" and wrote books on dream interpretation

Question 39

personal unconscious

Answer 39

Jung's term for that portion of the unconscious, consists of painful memories & thoughts a person doesn’t want to confront

Question 40

collective unconscious

Answer 40

concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history (archetypes)

Question 41

Archetypes

Answer 41

Jung's - thought forms common to all human beings, stored in the collective unconscious

Question 42

animus/anima

Answer 42

biological & psychological aspects of masculinity and femininity, which are thought to coexist in both sexes.

Question 43

projective test

Answer 43

a personality test, such as the Rorschach, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics

Question 44

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Answer 44

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings & interests thru the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes provides a VALID and reliable map of ppls implicit motives

Question 45

Rorschach inkblot test

Answer 45

most widely used projective test; a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots Critics argue that only few of many Rorschach-derived scores, ex: for cognitive impairment /thought disorder, have demonstrated reliability and validity

Question 46

Personality inventory

Answer 46

a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings & behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.

Question 47

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Answer 47

most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests Originally developed to identify EMOTIONAL DISORDERS (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.

Question 48

terror management theory

Answer 48

a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people's emotional & behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death

Question 49

Abraham Maslow

Answer 49

Humanistic psychologist known for his "Hierarchy of Needs" and the concept of "self-actualization"

Question 50

humanistic theories

Answer 50

theories that view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth

Question 51

Carl Rogers

Answer 51

Humanisic; self-concept and unconditional positive regard drive personality

Question 52

self-concept

Answer 52

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"

Question 53

congruence

Answer 53

state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar

Question 54

incongruence

Answer 54

the discrepancy between our self concept and reality

Question 55

actualizing tendency

Answer 55

Rogers, the drive of every organism to fulfill its biological potential and become what it is inherently capable of becoming

Question 56

conditions of worth

Answer 56

Rogers, the conditions we think we must meet in order for other people to accept us as worthy of their love or positive regard.

Question 57

unconditional positive regard

Answer 57

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

Question 58

conditional positive regard

Answer 58

positive regard that is given only when the person is doing what the providers of positive regard wish

Question 59

Trait

Answer 59

a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories & peer reports

Question 60

Hans Eysenck

Answer 60

personality theorist; asserted that personality is largely determined by genes, used introversion/extroversion

Question 61

PEN model of personality

Answer 61

Eyesneck theorized that there're 3 different source traits determined by biology psychoticism: a measure of nonconformity or social deviance extraversion: a measure of tolerance for social interaction and stimulation neuroticism: a measure of emotional arousal in stressful situations (emotional stability)

Question 62

Intraversion

Answer 62

A person whose attention is focused inward; a shy, reserved, self-centered person

Question 63

Extraversion

Answer 63

A personality dimension describing someone who is sociable, gregarious, and assertive

Question 64

Paul Costa & Robert McCrae

Answer 64

came up with the big 5 factor trait, a theory that there are 5 major factors (personality traits): 🧠Openness: open to new experiences, related to ones creativity, flexible thinking 📅Consciousness: dimensions of hard work, responsibility, and organization 💭Agreeableness: easy to get along with others, shows empathy 🗣️Extroversion: Outgoingness; a shy person would have low extraversion 😰Neuroticism: emotional stability; people with high neuroticism might be nervous, depressed, anxious

Question 65

Openness

Answer 65

Do you like change? Can you adapt to it? Low score: practical, prefers routine, comforting High score: imaginative, prefers variety, independent

Question 66

Consciousness:

Answer 66

Are you organized and careful? Low score: disorganized, careless, impulsive High score: organized, careful, disciplined

Question 67

Agreeableness:

Answer 67

How well do you get along with others? Low score: ruthless, suspicious, uncooperative High score: soft-hearted, trusting, helpful

Question 68

Extroversion

Answer 68

Are you shy or outgoing? Low score: retiring, sober, reserved High score: sociable, affectionate, fun-loving

Question 69

Neuroticism

Answer 69

Are you anxious often? Low score: calm, secure, self-satisfied High score: anxious, insecure, self-pitying

Question 70

emperically derived test

Answer 70

a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups

Question 71

Gordon Allport

Answer 71

trait theory of personality; 3 levels of traits: cardinal, central, and secondary

Question 72

social cognitive theory

Answer 72

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context.

Question 73

Cardinal traits

Answer 73

Traits that are characteristics that direct most of the person's activities and organizes their life (the person's dominant traits that influence all of our behaviors)

Question 74

central traits

Answer 74

traits that represent major characteristics of a person

Question 75

secondary traits

Answer 75

traits that are more preferences/attitudes

Question 76

Raymond Cattell

Answer 76

intelligence: fluid & crystal intelligence; personality testing: 16 Personality Factors (16PF personality test)

Question 77

surface trait

Answer 77

aspects of personality that can easily be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person

Question 78

source trait

Answer 78

a characteristic that can be considered to be at the core of personality

Question 79

Albert Bandura

Answer 79

Reciprocal Determinism; believed that personality can change depending on one's thoughts, environment, & behavior

Question 80

self-efficacy

Answer 80

one's sense of competence and effectiveness

Question 81

self-esteem

Answer 81

one's feelings of high or low self-worth

Question 82

social-cognitive perspective

Answer 82

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context

Question 83

Julien Rotter

Answer 83

External & Internal Locus of control

Question 84

internal locus of control

Answer 84

the perception that you control your own fate

Question 85

external locus of control

Answer 85

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate.

Question 86

Expectancy Theory

Answer 86

ppl will be motivated to the extent to which they believe that their efforts will lead to good performance, that good performance will be rewarded, and that they will be offered attractive rewards

Question 87

hazel markus

Answer 87

claimed that we use self-schemas (traits) to define ourselves

Question 88

spotlight effect

Answer 88

overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)

Question 89

self-serving bias

Answer 89

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably, makes excuses