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AP Psych > Unit 9: Social Psychology > Flashcards

Unit 9: Social Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Attribution theory

A

(Fritz Heider): we can credit/blame(attribute) the behavior to the person’s internal stable, enduring traits (a dispositional attribute) OR we can attribute it to the external situation (a situational attribute)

2 ways to our brain explains someone’s behavior = personality (dispositional) & circumstances (situational)

Ex: Jack eats an entire cake = 1. He has not eaten in days(situational) 2. Greedy & Glutinous (dispositional)

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2
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

tendency for observers when analyzing others’ behavior to UNDERESTIMATE the impact of the SITUATION & OVERESTIMATE the impact of personal DISPOSITION

ex: we attribute homelessness to a person’s personality (laziness) rather than situation

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3
Q

Self-serving Bias

A

tendency to attribute ur good behaviors to ur own personality/disposition, but ur bad behaviors to ur situation

Ex: athlete plays good = bc own ability, plays bad = bc bad field/coach

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4
Q

False consensus effect

A

Believing that everyone else shares your opinions, attributes, beliefs, behaviors & attitudes

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5
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

Tendency to search / put more value on info that confirms own beliefs while disregarding opposing info

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6
Q

Just-world Hypothesis

A

Tendency for ppl to believe the world = just/fair & ppl get what they deserve/deserve what they get

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7
Q

Halo Effect

A

When u believe someone is good, u interpret all of their actions as good & fail to notice bad traits

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8
Q

Attitudes

A

big reason why diff ppl respond diff in the same situation,

dictated by our beliefs/feelings that predispose us to respond to situations in a particular way

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9
Q

Elaboration likelihood model

A

proposes 2 types of persuasion: central route persuasion & peripheral route persuasion

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10
Q

Central route to persuasion

A

logical evidence & arguments trigger careful thinking/favorable thoughts of idea

Effective when ppl have time/energy to think/are interested in topic

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11
Q

Peripheral route to persuasion

A

Occurs when ppl = influenced by incidental cues ex: speakers attractiveness that make them see idea favorably

More likely when ppl are less invested in issue

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12
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A

(Leon Festinger’): we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) &/or behaviors are inconsistent

when we become aware that our attitudes & actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes

Ex: a person who smokes and enjoys the sensation, may also know that smoking cigarettes is correlated w/ lung cancer.
To relieve the dissonance, a person must either change the behavior (stop smoking) / change the thought (“I may die young, but at least I am enjoying myself today!”)

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13
Q

Foot-in-the-door phenomenon

A

Tendency for ppl who had agreed to a smaller request, to comply with a larger request later on

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14
Q

Door-in-the-face phenomenon

A

When someone starts w/ a large request that a person turns down, they are likely to agree to a smaller request

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15
Q

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

A

an expectation that causes u to behave in ways that reinforce said expectation causing it to come true

ex: placebo effect. Because we expect an antidepressant to make us feel better, & we believe that others also expect the antidepressant to make us feel better, we may actually start to do things that relieve our depression

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16
Q

Conformity

A

adjusting our behaviors/attitudes to mold to a group standard

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17
Q

Informational social influence

A

we assume that the group is smarter than the individual brain; we conform because we want to be accurate and we accept others’ versions of reality

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18
Q

Normative social influence

A

js wanting to fit in; we conform because we want to avoid rejection &/or gain approval

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19
Q

Solomon Asch

A

Experiment on Conformity

Subjects were asked to look at an image & determine which line was longer

discovered that if just 1 person answered correctly, the subject was much more likely to answer correctly.

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20
Q

Obedience

A

v similar to compliance, but requires that the person who’s giving orders/ instructions be in a position of authority

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21
Q

Stanley Milgram

A

Experiment demonstrated how ppl will obey authority figures even when they disagree

Administered shocks after being told by “authority figures” even tho some ppl administering shock did not like doing so, they continued to do it after being commanded

found that obedience is highest when:

person giving the orders was close at hand and perceived to be an authority figure 👮

authority figure = associated w/ a prestigious institution

victim = depersonalized &/or at a distance

no role models for defiance

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22
Q

Roles

A

In social situations, we often adopt a role, a social position that comes w/ a set of norms, & we adapt our behavior & attitudes to fit our role

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23
Q

Philip Zimbardo

A

Stanford Prison Experiment

When randomly assigned to behave like prison guards OR prisoners, subjects adopted that role to the point where guards became abusive to prisoners & prisoners planned a rebellion against the guards (even though subjects were allowed to opt out at any time)

Although volunteers knew it was a research set up, eventually began to act more like their assigned role of prisoner or guard, took on roles & performed the behaviors expected in that role (norms)

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24
Q

Bystander Effect

A

Tendency for a bystander to be less likely to help if others are present bc we assume someone else will help them

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25
Q

Social facilitation

A

Improved performance on simple/well-learned tasks in the presence of others

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26
Q

Social inhibition

A

Tendency to perform WORSE on difficult tasks in the presence of others

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27
Q

Group polarization

A

Enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations thru discussion w/ in group

Beliefs & attitudes we bring to group grow stronger when discussed w/ like-minded ppl

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28
Q

Deindividuation

A

The loss of self-awareness & self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal & anonymity (take less responsibility for actions, internet trolling/cyberbullying, can result in prosocial actions)

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29
Q

Diffusion of responsibility

A

phenomenon when there are multiple ppl present, each individual feels less of a responsibility for the situation

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30
Q

Out-group Homogeneity Bias

A

We tend to perceive more individual differences between members of the ingroup & see everyone in the outgroup as the same

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31
Q

In-group bias

A

tendency to favor our own group (the ingroup) rather than others (the outgroup)

This “US vs. THEM” phenomenon kept us safe when we evolved, today = basis of prejudice & discrimination

32
Q

What is prejudice?

A

an unjustifiable (& usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members (ppl of a particular racial / ethnic group, gender, sexual orientation, / belief system)

involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, & predisposition to discriminatory action

33
Q

What are the factors involved in prejudice?

A

negative emotions
stereotypes
predisposition to discriminate

34
Q

predisposition to discriminate

A

Acting in negative & unjustifiable ways toward members of the group

35
Q

Stereotypes

A

Generalized beliefs about a
group of ppl

36
Q

negative emotions

A

Holding emotions such as
hostility or fear

37
Q

Prejudice vs Discrimination

A

Prejudice = negative thought usually supported by stereotypes

Discrimination = an action that causes us to treat different people differently, and even cause physical or emotional harm to others

38
Q

Biases

A

tendencies to favor one way of thinking over another

stems from the mental concepts that we form thru out life, not inherently bad—help us think quickly & efficiently, develop heuristics, & prevent our consciousness from being clogged up with unnecessary decision-making

39
Q

Heuristic

A

a general rule based on our experience that we use to judge & make decisions (rule of thumb)

40
Q

Reciprocity norms

A

expectation that if I help you, you will help me

41
Q

Social norms

A

unwritten standards of what is socially acceptable in given situations

42
Q

Social traps

A

cause us to harm the well-being of society for our own interests

a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

43
Q

Prisoner’s dilemma

A

A social trap, situation where ppl must choose between an act that is beneficial to themselves but harmful to others OR an act that is moderately beneficial to all

44
Q

Conflict resolution

A

reduction of disagreement between individuals / groups, usually thru active strategies

ex: appeasement, negotiation, & bargaining

45
Q

Superordinate goals

A

goals that BOTH parties want to achieve & that require cooperation

46
Q

Social Loafing

A

Tendency for ppl in a group to exert less effort (free-riders) than when held individually accountable

47
Q

Groupthink

A

a phenomenon that occurs when the desire for group consensus overrides people’s common sense desire to present alternatives, critique a position, or express an unpopular opinion

48
Q

In-group/Out-group dynamics

A

Social identity = defined by the groups we associate w/

In group = “us” ppl that share a common identity

Out group = “them” those perceived as diff or apart from ingroup

49
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

prejudicial belief that one’s culture is superior to all other cultures
ppl tend to justify their culture’s social systems while judging others’ as “bad” or “wrong”

50
Q

Prejudice

A

unjustifiable & usually negative attitudes toward a group

Often implicit most people don’t detect they are being harmful & discriminatory

51
Q

Discrimination

A

an action that causes us to treat different people differently, & even cause physical/emotional harm to others.

52
Q

Scapegoat theory

A

maintains that our prejudices dictate who we blame when we are angry, & negative emotions exacerbate prejudice

53
Q

Stereotype

A

Generalized beliefs abt a group of ppl

54
Q

Mere-exposure effect

A

increased exposure to something or someone makes us like them more

55
Q

Social responsibility norm

A

we should help those needing our help even if the costs outweigh the benefits

56
Q

Altruism

A

unselfish concern for the welfare of others

57
Q

Aggression

A

any physical/verbal behavior intended to harm someone, whether done out of hostility/ a calculated means to an end

58
Q

Biological factors that lead to aggression

A

Genetic influences
Neural influences
Biochem influences

59
Q

Twin studies on genetic influences on aggression

A

If one identical twin admits to “having a violent temper” the other twin will often independently admit the same

60
Q

What psychological & social-cultural factors influence aggression?

A

Aversive events
Reinforcement, modeling, self-control
Media models

61
Q

Frustration-aggression model

A

Principle that frustration (the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal) creates anger which can generate aggression

Aversive stimuli: hot temperatures, physical pain, personal insults, foul odors, cigarette smoke, crowding can evoke hostility

62
Q

How does reinforcement lead to aggression?

A

In situations where experience has taught us that aggression pays, we are likely to act aggressively again

63
Q

How does modeling increase aggression?

A

Parents who act aggressively toward their children, screaming, yelling, / hitting them, may serve as models for their children of how to relate to others.

64
Q

What are three factors in attraction?

A

Proximity (Mere-exposure effect)
Attractiveness
Similarity (Similarity attracts; perceived dissimilarity does not + reward theory of attraction)

65
Q

Reward theory of attraction

A

says that we like those whose behavior is rewarding to us

66
Q

Passionate love

A

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a romantic relationship

mixes something new w/ something positive

67
Q

Passion

A

Seeing our partner stimulates blood flow to a brain region linked to craving and obsession

68
Q

Schachter-Singer Two-Factor theory of emotion

A

emotions have 2 ingredients:
physical arousal and cognitive appraisal (consciously interpreting our arousal as attraction to that person)

69
Q

Companionate love

A

comes after passionate love phase, & involves deep affectionate attachment for someone else

70
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

ability to easily recall immediate examples from the mind abt something

71
Q

Hindsight bias

A

when you think you knew something all along after the outcome has occurred

72
Q

superordinate goals

A

shared goals that override differences among ppl & require their cooperation

73
Q

mirror-image perceptions

A

mutual views often held by conflicting ppl, as when each side sees itself as ethical & peaceful & views other side as evil & aggressive

74
Q

other-race effect/cross-race effect

A

tendency to recall faces of one’s race more accurately than faces of other races

75
Q

social exchange theory

A

our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim is to maximize benefits & minimize costs

76
Q

self-disclosure

A

revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others

77
Q

equity

A

a condition where ppl receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give

AP Psych (10 decks)

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