Unit 7: Motivation, Emotion and Personality Flashcards

Question

Stanley Schachter

Answer 1

two-factor/schachter-singer theory of emotion emotion depends on the interaction between biology & cognition both our physical responses and our cognitive labels (mental interpretations) combine to cause any emotional response ex: stimulus: growling dog, physiological arousal: heart beat increases, cognitive label: "wow thats scary," -> emotion: fear

Answer 2

General Adaptation Syndrome, describing the general responses that animals (including humans) have to a stressful event - (Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion)

Answer 3

process by which activities are started, directed & continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met

Answer 4

a basic bodily requirement of some material (such as food or water) that is essential to an organism's survival

Answer 5

physiological need -> physiological tension/arousal (drive) that motivates the organism to act in order to fulfill this need and reduce the tension

Answer 6

A tendency to maintain a balanced/constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry (ex:: blood glucose around a particular level) the tendency of the body to maintain a steady state. Functions like a "thermostat" for the body

Answer 7

our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing stimulus: stimulus -> arousal -> emotion Physical responses occur 1ST and are cause of of emotions

Answer 8

An emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers 1) physiological responses 2) subjective experience of emotion Emotional experience & physical response occur simultaneously - one is not dependent on the other ex: "my heart begins pounding as I feel fear"

Answer 9

To experience emotion, one must 1) be physically aroused 2) cognitively label the arousal

Answer 10

Believed that emotions developed because of their adaptive value (1872) ur body's adaptive response motivates for survival. 3 primary emotions: fear, anger, and happiness. fear & anger = very similar, but fear provokes more activity in our amygdala. negative emotions = right prefrontal cortex lights up. positive emotions, = left prefrontal cortex lights up.

Answer 11

brain = constantly processing info in unconscious brain will appraise (evaluation) a situation & that will determine how we physiologically & emotionally respond to stimulus (come to conclusion: stimulus = harmless/dangerous) - unconsciously EX: we appraise the sound of the rustling bushes as the "presence of a threat" or realize that it was “just the wind”

Answer 12

Sometimes emotions(especially likes, dislikes, fears) take the more direct “low road” - a neural shortcut that bypasses the cortex a fear provoking stimulus would travel from eye/ear (via thalamus) directly to amygdala & cause immediate emotional response w/o us being immediately aware of whats happening (NO APPRAISAL)

Answer 13

In the 2-track brain, sensory input may be routed to the cortex (via the thalamus) for analysis & then sent to amygdala OR directly to the amygdala, via the thalamus for an instant emotional reaction.

Answer 14

Some complex emotions like hatred & love travel a “high road.” A stimulus following this path would travel (via the thalamus) to the brain's cortex. There, it would be analyzed & labeled before response command is sent out (via the amygdala)

Answer 15

Singer: our appraisal & labeling of events also determine our emotional responses LeDoux: Some emotional responses = immediate, before any conscious appraisal(assessing)

Answer 16

showed photos of different facial expressions to people in different parts of the world & asked them to guess the emotion although cultures share a universal facial language for basic emotions, they differ in how much emotion they express

Answer 17

brief facial expressions (1/25th of a sec) occurs when ppl either deliberately/unconsciously conceal an emotion being felt

Answer 18

Tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings ex: fear, anger, happiness Ex: smiling should typically make individuals feel happier, WHILE frowning should make them feel sadder.

Answer 19

Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in 3 phases - alarm, resistance, exhaustion

Answer 20

reaction(stress occurs, mobilize resources), as sympathetic nervous sys is suddenly activated, body is ready to face the stressor ur heart zooms, blood is diverted to skeletal muscles & u feel the faintness of shock w/ ur resources mobilized ur ready to fight back

Answer 21

reaction(cope w/ stressor), ur temp, blood pressure, respiration remain high, ur adrenal glands pump hormones into ur bloodstream, u are fully engaged, summoning all resources to meet challenge -> as time passes, w/ no relief from stress, body reserves begin to lessen We attempt to cope with the stressor. Our body is on high alert and stress hormones are released (body’s resistance to stress can only last so long before exhaustion sets in)

Answer 22

(reserves deplete): u become more vulnerable to illness / collapsing / death We cannot be in high alert forever, so our body begins to be vulnerable

Answer 23

Clogging of vessels that nourish heart muscles; leading cause of death in many developing countries

Answer 24

hormone associated w/ stress small amounts give benefits in the short term, prolonged exposure can cause significant health problems.

Answer 25

Lewin took fight or flight(our stress response that involves the sympathetic nervous system and arouses us) but made it more complex and created different ways people address the stress causing conflict/major decision: 👍👍Approach-approach conflict 👎👎Avoidance-avoidance conflict 👍👎Approach-avoidance conflict

Answer 26

when you have to pick between 2 DESIRABLE outcomes

Answer 27

when you have to pick between 2 UNDESIRABLE outcomes

Answer 28

when one EVENT / GOAL has BOTH an ATTRACTIVE and UNDESIRABLE outcome

Answer 29

When ppl = stressed, sometimes they get into unhealthy behaviors, ex: smoking, drinking, consuming drugs.

Answer 30

1 individual/group is studied in depth in hope of revealing universal principles Freud’s main source of his personality theories. He was able to study his individual patients on a case by case basis & note their differences - was very determined to form universal truths regarding personality

Answer 31

for obtaining self-reported attitudes / behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group very broad and are good to use when you want a lot of info from a large sample size. However, many surveys come with bias because not everyone responds and people could easily lie

Answer 32

questionnaires (often w/ true-false/agree-disagree items) in which people respond to a lot of different questions/items that target a wide range of feelings & behaviors. These are specifically used to assess selected personality traits 🧬 Ex: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), which is used for emotional disorders & screening purposes

Answer 33

A neo-Freudian, expanded on Freud's original psychodynamic theory w/ Karen Horney Inferiority complex idea. spoke abt how childhood feelings of inferiority can trigger our determination for superiority/power & have a strong effect on personality development They agreed that childhood was important, but social tension🗣️ (rather than sexual tension) is crucial for personality development He focused more on ego than the unconscious.

Answer 34

Reciprocal Determinism, how a person’s personality can change based on the situation / ppl they are around Internal cognitive factors (thoughts & feelings abt risky activities), behavior (learning to bungee jump), environmental factors (bungee-jumping friends) = ALL CONNECTED

Answer 35

came up with the big 5 factor trait, a theory that there are 5 major factors (personality traits): 🧠Openness: open to new experiences, related to ones creativity, flexible thinking 📅Consciousness: dimensions of hard work, responsibility, and organization 💭Agreeableness: easy to get along with others, shows empathy 🗣️Extroversion: Outgoingness; a shy person would have low extraversion 😰Neuroticism: emotional stability; people with high neuroticism might be nervous, depressed, anxious

Answer 36

Psychoanalytic theory, Freud believed that one’s personality was essentially set in early childhood; childhood sexuality & unconscious motivations influence personality believed mind was hidden & used free association to gain insight into individuals unconscious as child passes thru 5 psychosexual stages, their personality develops, during these 5 stages these 3 parts that make up our personality (the id (devil), ego (angel), and superego (referee)) are formed

Answer 37

:in Freud’s pov, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, memories (mainly unaware) (Id)

Answer 38

a method of exploring unconscious in which person relaxes & says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial/embarrassing

Answer 39

thru an iceberg illustrates how mind is mostly hidden beneath conscious surface on top - conscious (Superego) middle - preconscious (ego) bottom - unconscious (id)

Answer 40

has all thoughts we are aware of & express (Superego)

Answer 41

where our other thoughts live, & can easily be accessed/ brought to conscious mind (Ego)

Answer 42

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that strived to satisfy basic sexual & aggressive drives Operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

Answer 43

Largely conscious “EXECUTIVE” part of personality that mediates among the demands of the id, superego, & reality Operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

Answer 44

Personality part that represents internalized ideals & provides standards for judgment (the conscience) & for future aspirations

Answer 45

A boy’s sexual desires toward his mother & feelings of jealousy & hatred for the rival father (FREUD) Can cope thru identifying feelings w/ rival parent

Answer 46

Children incorporate parents values into developing superegos (FREUD)

Answer 47

Ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

Answer 48

Retreating to an earlier psychosexual stage where some psychic energy remains fixated Acting like a younger age when anxiety was not experienced

Answer 49

Switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites Expressing the exact opposite emotion of what one feels

Answer 50

Disguising one’s own threatening impulses by attributing them to others Taking how one feels and placing it on someone else

Answer 51

Offering self-justifying explanations in place of real, more threatening unconscious reasons for actions Making excuses for one's situation or cause of anxiety

Answer 52

Shifting sex / aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable / less threatening object/person changing the target of one's aggression

Answer 53

Re-channeling emotions into a socially acceptable activity

Answer 54

Refusing to believe / perceive painful realities

Answer 55

Basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, memories

Answer 56

(birth to 1 year) pleasure is found in the mouth - sucking, biting, chewing

Answer 57

pleasure focuses on bowel movements/bladder elimination; coping w/ demands for control

Answer 58

pleasure zone is in genitals; coping w/ incestuous sex feelings

Answer 59

a phase of dormant sex feelings

Answer 60

(adulthood) maturation of sex interests

Answer 61

A neo-Freudian agreed that unconscious plays large role in our development, he thought it was more than just repressed thoughts. He proposed it consists of two different parts: Collective unconscious - contains a common reservoir of images (ARCHETYPES - 12 ex: hero, rebel, innocent, caregiver) derived from species’ universal experiences. Personal Unconscious

Answer 62

consists of painful memories and thoughts a person doesn't want to confront.

Answer 63

passed down through a species, inherited universal concepts that we all share as humans. These concepts are called archetypes.

Answer 64

Maslow is the humanistic psychologist, created the HIERARCHY OF NEEDS believes ppl = motivated to achieve self actualization by working their way up thru hierarchy Humanists believe that a positive self-concept = high self-esteem & when people achieve self actualization, their personalities change

Answer 65

humanistic psychologist believes free-will will lead to self actualization As long as you have one person in your life that will give you unconditional positive regard, u can reach self actualization. Acceptance = key (unconditional positive regard); however, humanists only look at the innate good & best in people, & ignore the negative. Self actualization = a self accepting personality.

Answer 66

theories proposed that childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality.

Answer 67

theories explore the interaction between people’s traits (including their thinking) & their social context

Answer 68

theories focused on our inner capacities for growth & self-fulfillment

Answer 69

theories examine characteristic patterns of behavior (traits)

Answer 70

Group identifications provide a sense of belonging, a set of values, & security deep attachments to their groups— family, clan, company. Elders receive respect

Answer 71

Independent sense of “me,” awareness of their unique personal convictions & values prioritize personal goals, define identity mostly in terms of personal traits. strive for personal control & individual achievement.

Answer 72

questionnaires that ask ppl to provide info abt themselves so many different traits that could be gathered from these questionnaires, & psychologists created different versions of them. Ex: minnesota multiphasic personality inventory(MMPI). widely used self-report instrument that has lie detector questions built into the inventory to prevent deception & social desirability It is used in just about any realm of personality and our everyday lives

Answer 73

a personality test that provides ambiguous images designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Rorschach Inkblot Test

Answer 74

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings & interests thru the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes provides a VALID and reliable map of ppls implicit motives

Answer 75

most widely used projective test; a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots Critics argue that only few of many Rorschach-derived scores, ex: for cognitive impairment /thought disorder, have demonstrated reliability and validity