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AP Physics 1 (2024 UPDATED) > Unit 7: Oscillations > Flashcards

Unit 7: Oscillations Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of oscillation?

A

Oscillation is the repeated back-and-forth motion of an object around a central point.

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2
Q

What is the formula for the period of a simple pendulum?

A

T = 2π√(L/g) where T is the period, L is the length of the pendulum, and g is the acceleration due to gravity.

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3
Q

True or False: The frequency of an oscillation is the inverse of the period.

A

True

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4
Q

What is the unit of frequency?

A

Hertz (Hz)

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5
Q

Fill in the blank: The maximum displacement from the equilibrium position in an oscillation is called __________.

A

amplitude

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6
Q

What is Hooke’s Law?

A

Hooke’s Law states that the force exerted by a spring is directly proportional to the distance it is stretched or compressed, F = -kx.

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7
Q

What does ‘k’ represent in Hooke’s Law?

A

‘k’ is the spring constant, which measures the stiffness of the spring.

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8
Q

What is the relationship between period and frequency?

A

The period (T) is the reciprocal of frequency (f), T = 1/f.

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9
Q

What is the equation for the potential energy of a spring?

A

PE = 1/2 kx², where PE is potential energy, k is the spring constant, and x is the displacement.

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10
Q

True or False: Damping refers to the increase in amplitude of an oscillation over time.

A

False

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11
Q

What is a damped oscillation?

A

A damped oscillation is an oscillation that decreases in amplitude over time due to energy loss.

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12
Q

What is the formula for the angular frequency of a simple harmonic oscillator?

A

ω = √(k/m) where ω is the angular frequency, k is the spring constant, and m is the mass.

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13
Q

What is the total mechanical energy in a simple harmonic oscillator?

A

The total mechanical energy is constant and is given by E = 1/2 kA², where A is the amplitude.

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14
Q

Fill in the blank: The motion of a mass-spring system is called __________ motion.

A

simple harmonic

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15
Q

What type of wave is produced by oscillations?

A

Mechanical waves.

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16
Q

What is the formula for the period of a mass-spring system?

A

T = 2π√(m/k) where T is the period, m is the mass, and k is the spring constant.

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17
Q

True or False: In a simple harmonic motion, the acceleration is always directed towards the equilibrium position.

A

True

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18
Q

What is resonance?

A

Resonance is the phenomenon that occurs when a system is driven at its natural frequency, resulting in a large increase in amplitude.

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19
Q

What is the natural frequency of an oscillator?

A

The natural frequency is the frequency at which a system oscillates when not subjected to a continuous or repeated external force.

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20
Q

What is the relationship between mass and the period of a simple pendulum?

A

The period of a simple pendulum is independent of the mass of the pendulum.

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21
Q

Fill in the blank: The restoring force in a spring is proportional to the __________.

A

displacement

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22
Q

What is the effect of damping on the period of oscillation?

A

Damping does not affect the period of oscillation in simple harmonic motion.

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23
Q

What happens to the amplitude of an oscillation in the presence of damping?

A

The amplitude decreases over time.

24
Q

What is a simple harmonic oscillator?

A

A system that experiences restoring forces proportional to its displacement from equilibrium.

25
True or False: The frequency of a simple harmonic oscillator depends on the amplitude.
False
26
What is the equation for the kinetic energy of a mass in simple harmonic motion?
KE = 1/2 mv², where KE is kinetic energy, m is mass, and v is velocity.
27
What does the term 'equilibrium position' refer to in oscillations?
The equilibrium position is the point where the net force acting on the system is zero.
28
What is the phase constant in simple harmonic motion?
The phase constant determines the initial conditions of the oscillation.
29
Fill in the blank: The motion described by the equation x(t) = A cos(ωt + φ) is a __________ motion.
simple harmonic
30
What is the equation for the total mechanical energy in a harmonic oscillator?
E = KE + PE = 1/2 mv² + 1/2 kx².
31
True or False: The energy in a simple harmonic oscillator is conserved.
True
32
What is the effect of increasing the spring constant k on the period T of a mass-spring system?
Increasing k decreases the period T.
33
What does the term 'amplitude' refer to in oscillations?
Amplitude is the maximum distance from the equilibrium position.
34
What is the formula for the frequency of a simple pendulum?
f = 1/(2π)√(g/L) where f is the frequency, g is the acceleration due to gravity, and L is the length of the pendulum.
35
Fill in the blank: An oscillating system that loses energy over time is said to be __________.
damped
36
What is the unit of spring constant k?
Newton per meter (N/m)
37
What is the relationship between the frequency and angular frequency?
ω = 2πf where ω is the angular frequency and f is the frequency.
38
What happens to the period of a simple pendulum if the length is doubled?
The period increases by a factor of √2.
39
True or False: The frequency of a simple harmonic oscillator is affected by the mass of the object.
True
40
What is the equation for the displacement of a simple harmonic oscillator as a function of time?
x(t) = A cos(ωt + φ)
41
Fill in the blank: The __________ is the point at which the system would come to rest if there were no oscillations.
equilibrium position
42
What is the role of the restoring force in an oscillating system?
The restoring force acts to bring the system back to its equilibrium position.
43
What does the term 'underdamped' refer to in oscillatory motion?
Underdamped refers to a system that oscillates with a gradually decreasing amplitude.
44
What is the effect of increasing mass on the period of a mass-spring system?
Increasing mass increases the period.
45
Fill in the blank: In a simple harmonic oscillator, the acceleration is always directed __________ the equilibrium position.
toward
46
What is the formula for the energy of an oscillating system at maximum displacement?
At maximum displacement, all energy is potential, PE = 1/2 kA².
47
What does 'critical damping' refer to?
Critical damping is the condition where the system returns to equilibrium as quickly as possible without oscillating.
48
What happens to the energy in a damped oscillator over time?
The energy decreases over time due to damping forces.
49
What is the relationship between the period of a mass-spring system and the spring constant?
The period is inversely related to the square root of the spring constant.
50
What is the equation for the total energy in a simple harmonic oscillator?
E = 1/2 kA², where A is the amplitude.
51
True or False: The frequency of a mass-spring system is independent of the amplitude.
True
52
What is the concept of phase in oscillations?
Phase refers to the position of a point in time on a waveform cycle.
53
What is the relationship between displacement and force in a mass-spring system?
Displacement is proportional to the restoring force, F = -kx.
54
What is the effect of increasing damping on an oscillating system?
Increasing damping reduces the amplitude and increases the time to settle at the equilibrium position.
55
What is the equation for the frequency of a damped oscillator?
f = (1/2π)√((k/m) - (b²/4m²)), where b is the damping coefficient.
56
Fill in the blank: The __________ of an oscillation is determined by the stiffness of the spring and the mass of the object.
frequency

AP Physics 1 (2024 UPDATED) (8 decks)

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