unit 7- sensation and perception

Question 1

gustav fechner

Answer 1

With Weber, founder of psycho physics, who studied the relations between physical changes and perceive changes in stimuli

Question 2

Ernest Weber

Answer 2

The founder of psychophysics who investigated the trust, noticeable difference, and proposed webers law

Question 3

david hubel & torsten wiesel

Answer 3

Demonstrated how to specialize cells in the brain respond to visual information

Question 4

sensation

Answer 4

The process by which sensory receptors receive information from the environment

Question 5

perception

Answer 5

The process of selecting, organizing and interpreting sensations enabling you to recognize meaningful objects in events

Question 6

transduction

Answer 6

The process of converting physical energy into electrical signals

Question 7

psychophysics

Answer 7

The study of relationship between physical energy and psychological experiences

Question 8

Bottom up processing

Answer 8

Build up from the smallest pieces of sensory information

Question 9

top down processing

Answer 9

Brain applies what it knows and expects to perceive sensory information

Question 10

absolute threshold

Answer 10

The point where you notice that is stimuli is present. The minimum stimulation required for a particular stimulus to be detected 50% of the time.

Question 11

difference threshold

Answer 11

The smallest change in stimulation that a person can detect 50% of the time

Question 12

just noticeable difference

Answer 12

The point where you can detect the difference between stimuli

Question 13

webers law

Answer 13

The size of the just noticeable difference is directly proportional to the strength of the original stimulus

Question 14

Signal detection theory

Answer 14

Maintains that minimum threshold, varies with fatigue, attention, expectations, motivation, emotional distress, and from one person to another

Question 15

cornea

Answer 15

Transparent, curved layer in the front of the eye that bends incoming light rays

Question 16

Iris

Answer 16

colored muscle surrounding the pupil that regulates the size of the pupil open

Question 17

pupil

Answer 17

Small adjustable opening in the iris that is smaller and bright, light and larger in darkness

Question 18

Lens

Answer 18

Structure behind the pupil, that changes shape to focus on near or far objects by adjusting how light hits the retina

Question 19

Retina

Answer 19

Light sensitive surface in the back of the eye, containing rods and cones

Question 20

Photoreceptors

Answer 20

Specialized light sensitive neurons in the right now that converts light into neural impulses; includes rods and cones

Question 21

rods

Answer 21

Processes, black, white, and gray light vision at lower light levels

Question 22

cones

Answer 22

Vision at higher light levels and capable of color vision

Question 23

optic nerve

Answer 23

Bundle of retinal ganglion axons that carries information from the eye to the foul mess

Question 24

blindspot

Answer 24

Area in the eye with no receptor cells

Question 25

feature detectors

Answer 25

Specialized nerve cells in the visual cortex that respond to particular elements like shape, movement edges, and angles

Question 26

parallel processing

Answer 26

Simultaneously analyzing different elements of sensory information

Question 27

trichromatic theory

Answer 27

The retina has three color receptors that are sensitive to red green and blue light

Question 28

opponent process theory

Answer 28

The right now has receptors for three opposing pairs of colors: white black, red green, and yellow blue

Question 29

after images

Answer 29

Images that remain visible after viewing an object. A negative after image reverse the colors in the original image.

Question 30

Audition

Answer 30

The process of transducing acoustic energy into perceivable sound

Question 31

frequency

Answer 31

The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given amount of time (determines the pitch of a sound)

Question 32

Pitch

Answer 32

The highness or lowness of a sound. The shorter the wavelength, the higher, the frequency, the higher, the pitch, the longer the wavelength, the lower the frequency, the lower the pitch.

Question 33

sound localization

Answer 33

The process by which you determine the location of a sound

Question 34

outer ear

Answer 34

Includes the pinna the auditory canal and the eardrum

Question 35

middle ear

Answer 35

Includes three tiny bones: the Incas, the anvil in the stapes

Question 36

inner ear

Answer 36

Includes the Kokila, semicircular, canals, and vestibular sacs

Question 37

cochlea

Answer 37

Snail shaped fluid filled tube in the inner ear with hair cells on the basilar membrane that transduce mechanical energy, a vibrating molecules to the electrochemical energy of neural impulses

Question 38

auditory nerve

Answer 38

Axons of neurons in the cochlea converge transmitting sound messages

Question 39

Place theory

Answer 39

The position of the basilar membrane at which waves reach their peak, depends on the frequency of a tone. Counts well for higher pitch sounds

Question 40

Frequency theory

Answer 40

The rate of the neural impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a time enabling you to since it’s pitch. Explains well how you hear low pitch sounds.

Question 41

Gate control theory

Answer 41

Pain is experienced only if the pain messages can pass through a gate in the spinal cord on the route to the brain

Question 42

kinesthesis

Answer 42

Body sense that provides information about the position and movement of individual parts of your body with receptors in your muscles, tendons and joints

Question 43

vestibular sense

Answer 43

Body sense of equilibrium with her like receptors in semicircular canals and vestibular sac in the inner ear

Question 44

gustation

Answer 44

The chemical sense of taste with receptor cells in the taste buds

Question 45

Olfraction

Answer 45

The chemical sense of smell with receptors in a mucus membrane to the roots of the nasal cavity

Question 46

olfactory bulb

Answer 46

The smell center of the brain, which receives and processes chemical information from the olfactory nerve

Question 47

perception

Answer 47

The process of integrating and interpreting sensory data

Question 48

Gestalt psychology

Answer 48

A subfield of psychology that suggests that the brain forms a perceptual hall that is greater than the sum of its parts

Question 49

figure ground

Answer 49

Ability to differentiate an object from its background

Question 50

Grouping

Answer 50

tendency to organize stimulate into coherent groups

Question 51

monocular cues

Answer 51

clues about distance based on the image of one eye

Question 52

Binocular cues

Answer 52

Clues about distance requiring two eyes

Question 53

Retinal disparity

Answer 53

The difference between the images seen by each eye which can be used to gauge distance

Question 54

Visual cliff

Answer 54

Laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants

Question 55

Perceptual set

Answer 55

Predisposition to perceive things in a certain way

Question 56

Sensory adaptation

Answer 56

Reduced sensitivity to a stimulus after constant exposure to it

Question 57

relative motion

Answer 57

Occurs when we ourselves are the moving objects. Objects that are fixed in one place appear to move along with us.

Question 58

shape and size constancies

Answer 58

We perceive the form of familiar objects as constant event, while our retinas receive changing images of them

Question 59

Selective attention

Answer 59

Focused awareness of only a limited aspect of all you are capable of experiencing

Question 60

cocktail party effect

Answer 60

Ability to focus on a particular sound, while partially filtering out other sounds

Question 61

inattentional blindness

Answer 61

Focus on one stimulus will lead to between blind to other stimulus

Question 62

Parapsychology

Answer 62

The study of paranormal phenomena, such as extrasensory, perception, and psychokinesis

Question 63

Figure ground pattern

Answer 63

The figure is what is focused on in the ground is the blurry background, which is likely ignored

Question 64

muller-lyer illusion

Answer 64

An optical illusion, consisting of two line segments, one with arrows, pointing inward, and one with arrows, pointing outward the bus lines are of equal length the line with the inward pointing arrow is typically perceived to be longer

Question 65

phi Phenomenon.

Answer 65

The human visual system can process up to 10 to 12 images per second and still perceive the images as individual pictures, the movement of a series of pictures at a rate that suggest motion is called stroboscopic movement