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Bio - 30 > Unit C - Cloning, abnormal cell division, and cell growth > Flashcards

Unit C - Cloning, abnormal cell division, and cell growth Flashcards

1
Q

What is Cloning?

A

The process in which identical offspring are formed from a single cell or tissue.

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2
Q

Does sexual or asexual reproduction create cloning?

A

Asexual

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3
Q

What is the blastula stage?

A

when the fertilized cell is a blastocyst.

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4
Q

Why can’t you clone an animal in the gastrula (gastrulation) phase?

A

because the germ layers & most other cells are already differentiated.

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5
Q

What are the 3 steps of cloning?

A
  1. Removal of the nucleus of an unfertilized egg
  2. extract a nucleus of a cell in the blastula stage
  3. Transplant the Totipotent nuculus
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6
Q

Define Totipotent.

A

a nucleus that is able to brng a cell from an egg to adult

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7
Q

When are cells in mammals totipotent?

A

before the 8 cell stage of cleavage.

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8
Q

What is the definition of monozygotic?

A

developed from a single fertilized cell, as identical twins.

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9
Q

What is the definition of dizygotic?

A

developed from two fertilized cells, as fraternal twins.

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10
Q

Are dizygotic cells twins?

A

No, they have different DNA

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11
Q

Which cells escape the aging process and the biological clock?

A

Spermatocytes and cancerous cells.

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12
Q

What are the three theories of cell aging/cell death?

A
  1. Aging is caused by mutations
  2. Aging genes shut down chemical reactions within the body
  3. Aging occurs when cell lineages die out (telomeres)
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13
Q

What are Telomeres?

A

Ends of chromosomes that shorten during DNA replication

Shortening Telomeres is a potencial theory to cell aging.

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14
Q

What is the definition of cancer?

A

A broad group of diseases characterized by the rapid, uncontrolled growth of cells → forms a mass & shortens interphase.

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15
Q

What is the difference between the cells formed from Meiosis compared to mitosis?

A

During meiosis, the amount of chromosomes each cell has is halved (haploid cells)

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16
Q

What does sexual reproduction help with in diversification?

A

It helps ensure a recombination of genes, ↑ species diversity.

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17
Q

What are the two processes that Meiosis takes advantage of to produce genetically distinct gametes?

A

By “crossing over” and independent assortment.

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18
Q

What is independent assortment?

A

The different ways a cell organizes itself in metaphase I can lead to different gene combinations, as different genes are pulled to different ends of the spectrum.

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19
Q

what are polar bodies? How many are made?

A

Certain cells made in meiosis in the female reproductive system have a smaller amount of cytoplasm and often die.

While 2 are directly made in the process, the first polar body can reproduce causing net total of 3.

20
Q

Are primary oocytes and spermatocytes created before, or after meiosis I?

A

Before.

21
Q

What does tetrad mean?

A

Homologous duplicated chromosomes that are aligned gene by gene.

4 chromatids…

22
Q

What are synapses?

A

The process of moving the homologous pairs together in mieosis

23
Q

What is “crossing over” in meiosis?

A

The exchange of DNA between paired homologous chromosomes in the tetrad in Prophase I

24
Q

What are the 4 parts of Prophase I?

A
  1. Chromosomes condense and become visible
  2. Nuclear membrane begins to dissolve
  3. Synapsis form creating tetrads
  4. the tetrads begin to cross over (exchanging genes)
25
Q

What are the 3 parts of Metaphase I?

A
  1. Homologous chromosomes attach to microtubules (spindle fibers)
  2. Homologous pairs line up at the equatorial plate (each pair is made of a paternal and maternal chromosome)
  3. Each pair will align INDEPENDENTLY OF OTHER PAIRS (independent assortment)
26
Q

What are the only part of Anaphase I?

A

Homologous duplicated chromosomes in tetrads separate and move toward opposite poles.

27
Q

What is segregation in meiosis? When does it happen?

A

The separation of homologous pairs in such a way that either the maternal or paternal chromosome can be in either cell.

Anaphase I.

28
Q

What are the 2 parts of Telophase I and Cytokinesis I?

A
  1. A nuclear membrane begins to form around each set of duplicated chromosomes.
  2. two daughter cells form from cleavage furrows, or from the development of a cell wall through a cell plate.
29
Q

Meiosis II is very similar to what process? What is different?

A

Mitosis.

Because there are only 23 duplicated chromosomes, each cell becomes a haploid instead of a diploid.

30
Q

At the end of meiosis II how many gametes are produced, and how many are viable a male or female?

A

4 gametes are produced

Male - all four are viable
Female - one is viable; resulting in 3 polar bodies (not viable)

31
Q

What are the processes that increase genetic diversity in a species?

A
  1. Crossing over in Meiosis
  2. Independent Assortment in Meiosis
  3. Fertilization
31
Q

What is the definition of nondisjunction?

A

Chromosomes or chromatids that do not separate as they should during meiosis.

This can lead to cells having too many, or too few chromosomes

32
Q

What is the definition of monosomy?

A

When one chromosome is lost due to nondisjunction, being unable to make a normal homologous pair.

33
Q

What is the definition of trisomy?

A

When one chromosome is gained due to nondisjunction, having three chromosomes instead of a normal homologous pair.

34
Q

why does a monosomy or a trisomy zygote impact the entire baby?

A

Because once they divide, all the cells in the body will contain an abnormal number of chromosomes.

35
Q

What is Chorionic Villus Sampling?

A

A process of collecting cells from the chorion to test for chromosomes.

36
Q

What is Amniocentesis?

A

A process by which a syringe draws fluid from the amniotic fluid to test its chromosomes.

37
Q

What is the nondisjunction that causes Down syndrome?

A

Trisomy 21.

38
Q

What is asexual reproduction? What is the key process involved in it?

A

A process in which a parent organism produces genetically identical offspring.

Mitosis

39
Q

Are gametes involved in Asexual Reproduction?

A

No gametes are involved.

40
Q

What is conjugation?

A

How a bacterium can transfer its genetic material to another bacterium.

Not a form of reporduction.

41
Q

What is parthenogenesis?

A

A form of asexual reproduction in which an unfertilized egg develops into an adult.

(Fertilized egg (female offspring, diploid), and Unfertilized Egg (Male offspring haploid).

42
Q

What cells are involved in Mitosis?

A

Stomatic cells

43
Q

What cells are involved in meiosis?

A

Germ cells

44
Q

What is the function of Mitosis?

A

Growth of organism and replacement. Maintains genetic continuity.

45
Q

What is the function of Meiosis?

A

Increases genetic diversity of offspring.

Bio - 30 (15 decks)

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