Unit C: Outcome 2 Topics 4-6 :) Flashcards
What ion do Arrhenius acids produce in water?
H⁺ (hydrogen ion)
What ion do Arrhenius bases produce in water?
OH⁻ (hydroxide ion)
What is the hydronium ion formula?
H₃O⁺
Why don’t H⁺ ions exist on their own in water?
They immediately react with H₂O to form H₃O⁺.
What is the formula to calculate pH from [H₃O⁺]?
pH = –log[H₃O⁺]
What is the formula to find [H₃O⁺] from pH?
[H₃O⁺] = 10^–pH
What is the relationship between pH and pOH?
pH + pOH = 14
What does a pH of 7 indicate?
A neutral solution
How do acid-base indicators work?
They exist in two forms, each with a different color, and change form based on H⁺ or OH⁻ presence.
What color does litmus turn in acid?
Red
What color does litmus turn in base?
Blue
What makes an acid “strong”?
It ionizes completely (>99%) in water.
What makes a base “weak”?
It only partially reacts with water to produce OH⁻.
Define a monoprotic acid.
An acid that donates only one proton (H⁺) per molecule.
Define a polyprotic base.
A base that can accept more than one H⁺ from water.
What’s the difference between strong/weak and concentrated/dilute acids?
Strength = degree of ionization; concentration = amount of acid per volume.
What is a spectator ion?
An ion that does not change during a chemical reaction.
What is a net ionic equation?
A chemical equation showing only the species involved in the reaction (no spectators).
What ions form a precipitate in the reaction: Pb²⁺ + 2I⁻ → ?
PbI₂(s), a solid precipitate.
What is the purpose of a pH meter?
To measure the precise pH of a solution.
