Unit II Fat Burning Flashcards
(96 cards)
1
Q
What are the two essential fatty acids that must be acquired through the diet?
A
Linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid
2
Q
What are essential fatty acids used to make?
A
Omega-3 and 6 fatty acids
3
Q
Nomenclature of linoleic acid
A
18:2w6
4
Q
Nomenclature of Linolenic acid
A
18:3w3
5
Q
Nomenclature of Arachidonic acid
A
20:4w6
6
Q
Nomenclature of Eicosapentaenoic Acid
A
20:5w3
7
Q
Nomenclature of Docosahexaenoic Acid
A
22:6w3
8
Q
Nomenclature of Palmitic Acid
A
16:0
9
Q
Nomenclature of Steric Acid
A
18:0
10
Q
Nomenclature of Oleic Acid
A
18:1w9
11
Q
Triglycerides are also
A
triacylglycerols or TAG
12
Q
Satured FA’s have how many double bonds?
A
0
13
Q
How is most fat stored in the body?
A
as TAG
14
Q
Monoacylglyceride has how many LCFA’s? (long chain fatty acids)
A
just one
15
Q
Diacylglycerol has how many LCFA’s?
A
two
16
Q
Triacylglycerol has how many LCFA’s?
A
three
17
Q
Short chain or unsaturated fat is what at room temp?
A
liquid
18
Q
Long chain or saturated fat is what at room temp?
A
solid
19
Q
What accounts for 95% of dietary fat?
A
TAG
20
Q
What type of enzyme is used to break down lipids?
A
esterases
21
Q
Where does the breakdown of lipids occur?
A
in the GI tract
22
Q
What specific bond does an esterase cleave?
A
the ester bond
23
Q
Lipases break down what?
A
TAG
24
Q
Phospholipases break down what?
A
phospholipids
25
Cholesterol esterases break down what?
cholesterol esters
26
Digestion in the mouth starts with what enzyme?
linguinal lipase
27
Digestion in the stomach starts with what?
gastric lipases
28
Where are most TAG's broken down?
in the small intestine
29
Once TAG's are broken down somewhat, what takes over next?
pancreatic lipases to create DAG, MAG, and FFA
30
Where are DAG, MAG and FFA transported to?
enterocytes
31
Medium chain FFA can pass directly into where?
the portal blood
32
Once in the portal blood, what can DAG, MAG, and FFA bond to?
albumin to be taken to the liver
33
LCFA's are added to DAG and MAG to form TAG, what is this then incorporated with?
chylomicrons
34
How can chylomicrons leave enterocytes?
through exocytosis and enters the lymph
35
What else does a chylomicron transport with TAG?
a cholesterol
36
What form does cholesterol take on the surface of a chylomicron?
unesterfied free cholesterol
37
Apolipoproteins are important for?
specific receptors on the cell surface
38
Lipoprotein complexes do what?
transport lipids from tissue to tissue
39
What else is a lipoprotein complex known as?
a chylomicron
40
Where are chylomicrons formed again?
in the enterocyte
41
How long can chylomicrons last after a meal?
up to 14 hours
42
What is the abundant lipid in the diet?
TAG
43
What tissue receives 80% of dietary TAG?
muscle
44
What extracellular enzyme hydrolyzes TAG's?
lipoprotein lipase
45
What does TAG get broken down to by LPL?
FFA and DAG
46
What is LPL produced by?
fat and muscle cells
47
Where does the hydrolyzation of TAG occur?
in capillary beds
48
In the muscle what happens to the FA?
it is oxidized for energy
49
In adipose tissue what happens to FA?
FA gets re-esterfied and stores it as TAG's
50
Exercise can result in an increase in what?
skeletal muscle LPL
51
Is skeletal muscle LPL higher in trained individuals compared to none trained?
yes
52
What is synthisized in the SER (smooth endoplasmic reticulum)?
lipid
53
Once lipid is made in the SER where is it sent to next?
the golgi apparatus
54
What is the lipid excreted with from the golgi apparatus?
an apolipoprotein
55
What is removed quicker, chylomicrons or VLDL's?
chylomicrons
56
Where are a vast majority of TAG's stored?
in subcutaneous and visceral apidose tissue
57
What is the storage form of a fat cell?
lipid droplets
58
What are steroid synthesizing cells?
adrenal cortex, ovary, testes
59
If there is an over abundance of lipids where are triglycerides stored?
intramuscular triglycerides (IMTG)
60
What would be the source of fatty acids during exercise?
IMTG
61
Which type of muscle fiber stores 2-3 times more IMTG?
Type I aerobic muscle fibers
62
Could a single bout of exercise lower the amount of IMTG?
yes
63
This population has lower IMTG and moderate insulin sensitivity
normal populations
64
This population has elevated oxidative capacity, higher concentrations of IMTG and greater insulin sensitivity
athletes
65
This poulation has higher IMTG and low insulin sensitivity
obese individuals
66
What forms lipoproteins or VLDL's?
the liver
67
Would would be a couple of examples that serve as precursors for the synthesis of new lipids from non-lipids?
glucose and amino acids
68
Where do the remnants of chylomicrons get shipped to?
the liver
69
Chylomicron remnants serves what purpose in the liver?
they repackage lipids into HDL and VLDL forms,and also provide energy
70
Post meal, describe the fate of the macronutrients
glucose, amino acids, and medium chain FA's enter portal blood
71
Once the macronutrients post meal are in portal blood, where does it go?
it is sent directly to the liver
72
Once the macronutrients post meal are in the portal blood of the liver, what happens to gluose?
glycogensis takes place and fatty acid synthesis
73
Chylomicrons deliver what two things to adipose tissue?
TAG and cholesterol
74
What is the major storage site for TAG again?
adipose tissue
75
What is TAG adiposity regulated by?
nutrition, metabolic state, and hormonal factors
76
The synthesis of adipocyte FA is stiumalted by?
insulin
77
What effect does insulin have on the availability and uptake of FA in adipocytes?
its increases it
78
What does insulin strongly inhibit that hydrolyzes stored TAG?
Hormone sensitive lipase
79
Describe glucose levels during fasting
They are diminshed
80
During fasting insulin is _____ and glucagon is _________
decreased
increased
81
Free fatty acids are transported in the blood with what?
Albumin
82
What does the complete hydrolysis of TAG yield?
glycerol and 3 FA's
83
What gets lipid into a target cell again?
Lipoprotein lipase
84
What lipase converts TAG to DAG?
adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL)
85
What lipase converts DAG to MAG?
hormone sensitive lipase (HSL)
86
What lipase converts MAG to FFA?
monoacyglycerol lipase (MGL)
87
Intracellular lipase is stimulated by
Hormones: epinephrine, glucagon, and adrenocorticotropic hormone
88
Once a hormone attaches to the receptor on a TAG, what phosphorylates TAG to the active form?
cAMP and adenyl cyclase, 2nd messengers
89
What does cAMP stimulate?
protein kinase A
90
What would PKA stimulate when associated with a TAG?
it will stimulate lipolysis
91
Besides lipolysis, what does PKA stimulate in catabolism of TAG?
horone sensitive lipase (HSL)
92
On the surface of TAG, what receptor do stimulating hormones attach to?
Beta 1
93
What does insulin remove from TAG to deactive HSL?
a phosphate group
94
If HSL is inhibited, what other lipase is also inhibited?
ATGL
95
Describe the fate of glycerol
Transported in the blood to liver
phosphorylated to glycerol-3-phosphate
G-3-P is then converted to DHAP to be used in glycolysis or gluconeogenesis
96
What enzyme converts G-3-P to DHAP?
G-3-P dehydrogenase
