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Bio 4: Microbiology > UNIT IV:Classification > Flashcards

UNIT IV:Classification Flashcards

(76 cards)

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1
Q

The science of classifying organisms

A

Taxonomy

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2
Q

The science of classifying organisms ACCORDING TO THEIR NATURAL RELATIONSHIPS

A

Phylogeny/Systematics

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3
Q

He introduced the formal System of Classification with Two Kingdoms

A

Linnaeus

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4
Q

He introduced the formal System of Classification with Two Kingdoms

A

Linnaeus

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5
Q

Proposed that bacteria and fungi be placed in Plantae

A

Nägeli

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6
Q

Proposed Three Kingdom System; addition of Kingdom Protista

A

Haeckel

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7
Q

Six Kingdoms proposed by Woese and Fox

A

Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

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8
Q

Common denominator of three Domains (Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryotes)

A

Ribosomes and Plasma

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9
Q

Project aiming to identify and record every species of life on earth in the next 25 years

A

All Species Inventory

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10
Q

Domain that includes plants, animals, protists and Fungi

A

Eukarya/Eukaryotes

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11
Q

[Domain] Includes pathogenic and non-pathogenic prokaryotes; has peptidoglycan cell walls

A

Bacteria

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12
Q

[Domain] Prokaryotes that do not have peptidoglycan in their cell wall; often live in extreme environments

A

Archaea

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13
Q

Strict anaerobes that produce methane from CO2 ans Hydrogen

A

Methanogens

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14
Q

Microorganisms that require high Concentration of Salt for survival

A

Extreme Halophiles

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15
Q

Microorganisms that normally grows in extremely hot environment

A

Hyperthermophiles

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16
Q

Explain Endosymbiotic Theory

A

Eukaryotic cells evolved from Prokaryotic Cells living inside one another as endosymbionts

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17
Q

Form of Classification established by Linnaeus

A

Taxonomic Hierarchy/ Hierarchical system of Classification

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18
Q

A level of grouping in the Taxonomic Hierarchy

A

Taxon/ Taxa

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19
Q

Method in which organisms are grouped based purely on inferred evolutionary relatedness, ignoring morphological similarity

A

Phylogenetic Taxonomy

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20
Q

A population of closely related interbreeding individuals

A

Species

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21
Q

A Group of genetically related species

A

Genus/Genera

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22
Q

Genera with Similar traits

A

Family

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23
Q

Families with Common Characteristics

A

Order/s

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24
Q

Orders with similar characteristics

A

Classes

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25
Related classes
Phylum/Phyla
26
Related Phylas
Kingdom
27
Highest/Most Inclusive level in the Taxonomic Hierarchy
Domain
28
A population of cells with similar characteristics
Prokaryotic Species
29
Standard reference on bacterial classification
Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology
30
Grown in laboratory media
Culture
31
A population of cell derived from a single cell
Clone
32
Group of bacteria derived from a single cell; usually identified by numbers, letters, or names that follow the specific epithet
Strain
33
distinct variation within a species of bacteria or virus or among immune cells of different individuals.
Serotype/Serovar
34
A catchall kingdom for eukaryotic organisms that do not fit other kingdoms
Protists
35
Chemoheterotrophic organisms with cell wall made of chitin
Fungi
36
Kingdom of Multicellular organisms that have no cell walls; Chemoheterotrophic
Animalia
37
Kingdom of Multicellular organisms with cell walls made of cellulose
Plantae
38
A group of organisms that consists of a common ancestor and all its lineal descent
Clade/Monophyletic group
39
Method of classifying organisms into groups of species called clades
Cladistics
40
Population of viruses with similar characteristics
Viral species
41
Placing organisms in groups of related species
Classification
42
Matching characteristics of an unknown organism to lists of known organisms
Identification
43
Branch of microbiology dealing with human pathogens
Medical Microbiology
44
Not nutritive; designed to prolong viability of fastidious organisms during transport
Transport media/medium
45
Determines the presence of bacterial enzymes
Biochemical tests
46
Designed to perform several biochemical tests simultaneously
Numerical Rapid Identification
47
Available for some medically important bacteria through protein extraction and mass spectrometry
Automated rapid identification
48
Science that study blood serum and immune responses that are evident in serum
Serology
49
Strains with different antigens are called
Serotypes/Serovars/biovars
50
Can differentiate not only among microbial species, but also among strains within species
Serological testing
51
Solutions of antibodies used in identification of microorganisms
Antiserum/antisera
52
Procedure where samples of unknown bacterium are added with different known antiserum to determine their agglutination response
Slide agglutination test
53
Used to detect the presence of antibodies; where antibodies are placed in the wells of microplate and reacts with bacteria
Enzyme-linked Immunoabsorbent Assay (ELISA)
54
Used to identify antibodies in a patient's serum; proteins are seperated by electrophoresis
Western blotting
55
Identification of bacterial species and strains by determining their susceptibility to various phages
Phage Typing
56
Are bacterial viruses that usually cause lysis of the bacterial cells they infect
Bacteriophages
57
Used to identify bacteria in a sample without cukturing. Measures physical and chemical characteristics of cells
Flow cytometry
58
FAME widely used in clinical and public health laboratories
Fatty Acid methyl ester
59
Systems designed to separate and compare fatty acids with known fatty acid profiles of other organisms
Fatty Acid Profiles
60
Technique used to make millions of copies of a particular section of DNA
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
61
uses an organism’s DNA base composition to draw conclusions about relatedness. This base composition is usually expressed as the percentage of guanine plus cytosine (G + C).
DNA Sequencing
62
produced by restriction enzymes are used to determine genetic similarities.
DNA Fingerprints
63
The sequence of bases in ribosomal RNA can be used in the classification of organisms.
Ribotyping / rRNA sequencing
64
three types of rRNA molecule
23S, 16S, 5S
65
____ rRNA gene sequencing has become prevalent in medical microbiology as a rapid and cheap alternative to phenotypic methods of bacterial identification
16S
66
separated DNA strands from two different organisms, it is possible to determine the extent of similarity between the base sequences of the two organisms
Nucleic Acid Hybridization
67
Used to detect specific DNA; uses a DNA probe to identify bacteria
Southern Blotting
68
can quickly detect a pathogen in a host or the environment by identifying a gene that is unique to that pathogen; composed of DNA probes
DNA Chip or Microarray
69
used to determine the identity, abundance, and relative activity of microorganisms in an environment and can be used to detect bacteria that have not yet been cultured. Uses a technique called fluorescent in situ hybridization
Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH)
70
used to amplify a small amount of microbial DNA in a sample
Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAATs)
71
a variation of the polymerase chain reaction that typically measures RNA expression levels. Complementary DNA (cDNA) is made by reverse transcribing of the RNA templates with the enzyme reverse transcriptase.
Reverse Transcriptase PCR/ RT-PCR
72
couples amplification of a target DNA sequence with quantification of the concentration of that DNA species in the reaction.
qPCR/real-time PCR
73
Identification based on successive questions, and each question has two possible answers.
Dichotomous Key
74
is a depiction of patterns of shared characteristics among taxa
Cladogram
75
Is a grouping that consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all of the descendants
Paraphyletic clade
76
Includes numerous types of organisms that lack a common ancestor
polyphyletic grouping

Bio 4: Microbiology (5 decks)

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