Unit One Flashcards
(37 cards)
1
Q
Reformation
A
Causes:
- Abuses/corruption of the Roman Catholic Church
a. sale of indulgences (people paying money to the Church to absolve them of their sins)
b. simony (sale of church offices)
c. nepotism (favouring family members in the appointment of Church officials) - Moral decline of the papacy
- Critics of the church: emphasized a personal relationship with God as primary
- Impact of the Renaissance Humanism (emphasizing individuality and secularism)
- Martin Luther and the 95 Theses
- Henry VIII (divorce)
2
Q
Indulgences
A
- First corruption Luther addressed in his 95 Theses.
- Monetary payment made to absolve one from sin and to reduce time spent in purgatory
3
Q
Renaissance Man
A
- He was focused on intellect and artistic talent.
- Leonardo da Vinci was a prime example of the Renaissance Man.
- He was a person who mastered all areas of art and thought… becoming a “complete man”.
- The Renaissance man was the first to look at the science of the human body, to analyze the body as a scientific creation rather than a ‘Godly’ creation.
4
Q
Aztecs
A
- When Europeans arrived at the Aztec capital, the found the cities to be wealthy and complex.
- First encounters were rather friendly, Europeans were in awe of the Aztecs.
- Eventually, prejudice and greed settled in. Spaniards made fortunes by exploiting Indian labour and taking Indian land.
- Resulted in dramatic decrease in population due to diseases brought by the Europeans, forced labour, slavery and demoralization.
- Tuberculosis, measles, smallpox were all introduced.
- Aztecs were starved and plagued into defeat.
5
Q
Incas
A
- Compared to Alexander the Great and the Romans; very sophisticated and powerful.
- Inca emperor vs. Francisco Pizarro (leader of a small Spanish force)
- When the Spanish attacked Inca’s army, no Inca offered armed resistance.
- End of the day, 7000 Natives died.
- After extracting a huge ransom, the Spanish executed Atawallpa (emperor).
- Following his death, the Inca quickly surrendered to the Spanish invaders.
- Decimated by disease; biological disaster allowed the Europeans to conquer the Inca empire.
6
Q
Capitalism
A
- Capitalism replaced Feudalism as the international style of economy.
- System where the country’s trade/industry are privately owned and controlled for profit, rather than controlled by state.
7
Q
Mercantilism
A
- Present throughout the 17th and 18th century
- Idea that a nation’s existence depended on power, and power depended on wealth.
- In order to gain wealth, a country had to have colonies.
- This process also helped England establish a favourable balance of trade.
- A nation had to sell more products to other countries than it bought from other countries.
- Products were sold for gold and silver which helped build up the treasury for England.
8
Q
Absolutism
A
- Absolutism at the time was the way they were moving toward at the time.
- Didn’t have an understanding of social control, wanted complete and ultimate power
- e.g. Louis XIV, Peter the Great, Catherine the Great
- A form of government where the monarch has the power to rule their land freely with no laws.
9
Q
Fronde
A
- Series of civil wars in France between 1648-1653 during the rule of Louis XIV caused by the Parliament of Paris efforts to limit the growing authority of the crown
- Resulted in the disempowerment of the territorial aristocracy and the rise of absolute monarchy
10
Q
Scientific Revolution
A
- Lasted from the mid 16th century to the early 18th century.
- New methods were being proposed and new questions were being asked.
- The darkness of thought in the medieval period was removed and the sun was declared centre of the universe.
- Ideas of gravity were proposed and most importantly, people began to wonder.
- The Renaissance revolutionized art and religion and the scientific revolution developed the foundation for modern science.
- Scientists who contributed greatly to the scientific revolution: Galileo, Newton and Copernicus
11
Q
Constitutional Monarchy
A
- A form of government where the king’s right to make law is acknowledged and supported formally by a legislative body, such as the English Parliament, and where effective rule is shared among the several branches of the government.
- Canada today is a constitutional monarchy with Queen Elizabeth II as political head of state.
12
Q
17th Century Art
A
- Art reflects the values of society, and the 17th century was dominated by Baroque style.
- Dramatic, grandeur, exceedingly emotional, dynamic, tense and extravagant.
- Caravaggio and Carraci
13
Q
Social Class and Family Life
A
- Communities were framed around the Honour Code.
- Families were the most important elements in the community because with family came property.
- Inheritance dictated a young persons future. There was a dowry system.
- An adulteress lost their dowry.
- Marriage was based on strategy, not love.
- Inequality is natural and good.
- There was little concept of democracy or equality. Feudalism was adapted in the Renaissance.
- At the bottom of society were the people called dispossessed (people who were so poor that they fell off the system).
- Renaissance was a movement of high culture and had virtually no impact outside the elite class.
14
Q
Council of Trent
A
- Council of Trent: established Catholic dogma for the next four centuries (new standards for the Catholic church)
- One of the tools/aspects of counter-reformation (fight protestantism)
- Group of people who would get together to discuss the Church.
15
Q
Treaty of Westphalia
A
- Peace treaty that was signed at the end of the Thirty Year War:
* Marked the end of the war
* National sovereignty was accepted
* Internal affairs (dealings) were protected
* Helped to secure national stability
16
Q
English Civil War
A
- 1642-51
- England, Scotland and Ireland
- Began as a result of conflict over the power of monarchy and the rights of Parliament.
- King Charles I vs Parliament
- During the early phases of the war, the Parliament expected to retain Charles as king, but with expanded powers for Parliament.
- Though the Royalists won early victories, the Parliamentarians ultimately triumphed.
- As the conflict progressed, Charles was executed and a republic formed.
- Though Charles II was invited to take the throne in 1660, Parliament’s victory set the nation on the path toward a parliamentary monarchy.
17
Q
95 Theses
A
- Martin Luther (German monk)
- Posted 95 Theses on church door
a. Opens it up for debate
b. Copied and printed
c. Indulgences (main problem)
d. Followers started a new religion (protestantism)
The 95 Theses’ main ideas:
- People are saved by faith alone
- Bible is authority
- People are equal
- No priests are needed to interpret scriptures
- Only 3 sacraments
- Clergy can marry
- Martin Luther was ex-communicated by the Pope in 1520
- Significant as it sparked the protestant movement (reformation).
18
Q
Glorious Revolution
A
- 1688-89
- Ended the rule of James II, beginning the reign of William III and Mary II (Protestant)
- People did not like King James II because he would not let them vote or practice the religion of their choice.
- James II fled to the court of Louis XIV
- This revolution is called ’Glorious’ because it achieved its objective without any bloodshed.
- The Glorious Revolution established the victory of Parliament over the King.
- Various contested issues of power were resolved in favour of Parliament.
- Parliament had to be convened regularly. All new taxes had to be approved by Parliament.
- Power rested in the hands of the people.
19
Q
Slave Trade
A
- Slavery practiced in African society before Europeans.
- Arabs from the North had slaves, and the earliest market was the line of the Sahel and Sub-Saharan people exchanging slaves for gold.
- Criminals who were sold as punishment, individuals sold by families at a time of famine and need, those kidnapped by slaving bands of merchants and prisoners of war.
- Used religion as justification; saying it led them to Jesus, their saviour.
- The Asiento was first given in 1595 to supply 38000 slaves in 9 years.
- Spanish and Portuguese dominated the slave trade across the Atlantic in the 16th century, Dutch in the 17th century.
- Trade was gradually abolished in the 19th century
- Last great emancipation took place in Brazil in 1888.
- Europeans encouraged a century of civil wars between African kingdoms in order to produce prisoners to be sold into slavery.
20
Q
Exploration
A
- Age of European exploration/expansion began in 1414 when the Portuguese captured the Muslim port of Ceuta.
- Opened the door to European exploration of the S. Atlantic.
- Need for new raw materials to fuel new capitalist economy + blockade of overland routes by the Ottoman prompted Europeans to search for a route to Asia.
- Vasco da Gama voyaged around the Cape to East Africa and Indian Malabar opened the route to India.
- In 1492, Columbus came upon the Caribbean.
- Spanish followed up on this discover by exploring the mainland of South and Central America.
- In 1513, Vasco Nunez de Balboa reached the pacific ocean by crossing the Isthmus of Panama, followed by the conquest of Mexico in 1519 by Hernan Cortes.
- In 1530, the Spanish set out to conquer Peru.
- Route to Asia was discovered by Ferdinand Megellan.
- Voyages by the Portuguese and the Spanish proved that the oceans of the S. hemisphere were connected and thus opened up routes to the East.
- Eventually other countries like England, France etc. participated in the exploration which led to the exploration of North America.
21
Q
Edict of Nantes
A
- Marked the end of France’s Wars of Religion
- In 1598, King Henry IV (France) issued the Edict of Nantes, granting religious freedom in most of France.
- It allowed Protestants to live and worship anywhere except in Paris and a few other cities.
- Henry’s law stopped the religious wars in France, but resentment between Catholics and Protestants continued.
- It basically established civil rights for the Huguenots, Calvinist Protestants within predominantly Roman Catholic France.
22
Q
Thirty Years War
A
- 1618-48
- Series of conflicts fought between Roman Catholic and Protestant states fought primarily in Germany
- Started in Bohemia with a Protestant revolt against the Holy Roman Empire and eventually involved almost all of the countries of Europe
- By its final years, religious issues had been submerged and it had become a struggle for power between Austria/Spain on one side and France on the other.
- Demonstrated neither religion were strong enough to dominate the continent.
- Religious toleration was increased in Germany but freedom of worship was still limited in all countries.
- Altered balance of power among European countries.
- Roman Empire lost effective control in Germany and the influence of the Hapsburgs.
- Sweden and France emerged as powers where Spain’s power declined.
23
Q
Galileo
A
- Said that motion can be defined mathematically (inertia)
- The moon was not perfectly smooth
- Supported Copernicus on Heliocentrism.
- Contributed greatly to the scientific revolution.
24
Q
Newton
A
- Defined the three laws of motion:
Inertia, acceleration, action and reaction - Contributed greatly to the scientific revolution.
25
Machiavelli
- Author of The Prince (politics and power)
- He is one of the first people who began treating politics as "political science" and not a branch of philosophy.
- Many of the things he wrote about in the 1400s still apply today, and his works are still read and studied, which is why he is considered an important thinker.
- Statesman, politician, humanist and writer of the 15th century
26
Elizabeth I
- Deemed one of the most successful rules of England
- Reign lasted 44 years
- Elizabethan Era is named after her.
- Kept England ascendant through wars and religious turmoil
- During her reign, a secure Church of England was established
- The reign of Queen Elizabeth I also saw significant expansion overseas.
- Her reign witnessed widespread increase in literacy and great achievements in the arts
27
Henry VIII
- Pulled England out from Roman Catholic authority
- Created Church of England after breaking ties with the Roman papacy (protestantism) and began the reformation.
- King of England during the reformation.
28
Charles I
- Reign was full of disputes and controversy which led to the civil wars and his execution.
- King of England, Scotland and Ireland (1625-1649)
- Believed strongly in the divine rights of king which was often the root of conflict of his reign.
29
Williams of Orange
- Their accession to the thrown was known as the Glorious Revolution
- Replaced James II
- Ensured the primacy of the Protestant faith
- Marked an important transition towards parliamentary rule as we know today
30
Johann Gutenberg
- Inventor of the printing press
- German
- Gutenberg’s printing press revolutionized the creation of books and helped make them affordable, ushering in a new era of affordable books and literature.
31
Jesuits
- Important part of the counter-reformation (creation of religious orders)
- Combined the ideas of traditional monastic discipline with a dedication to teaching and preaching
- Attempted to convert Protestants, Calvinists etc... back to Christianity
32
Sir Walter Raleigh
- English explorer, soldier and writer
- Imprisoned eventually put to death after being accused of treason by James I
- Between 1584 and 1589 he established a colony near Roanoke Island, which he named Virginia.
33
Thomas Hobbes
- Philosopher
- In his commentary named Leviathan, he explains the justification for any government.
- He lectures that society has a 'state of nature’.
- Something developed prior to human history where people were free with no repercussions.
- Survival was solely individual.
- Hobbes believed that we are selfish by nature and would be in a constant state of conflict and chaos.
- He said the state of nature is "short, nasty, and brutish.”
- Absolute sovereignty is the only way to achieve peace.
- If people want to avoid chaos, they will follow the laws strictly.
34
John Locke
- Used Hobbes concept of the state of nature, but unlike Hobbes, believe that people were willing over time to join together and benefit from cooperation.
- Cooperation leads to rules, government, and law.
- People surrender some of their freedoms in exchange for governed society, which he called a social contract.
- However, the right to life and liberty and property is inalienable and cannot be surrendered.
- With the social contract, power remains with the people and people retain the right to remove the government.
- If controversy exists, the people must be heard.
- The government derives power from the people only.
35
Louis XIV
- Louis XIV was an absolute monarch, had absolute and total control of his country (taxes, military, spending etc.)
- Referenced to be the “Sun King”
- Supreme example of an absolutist ruler
- Longest reign in European history (1643-1715)
- Revoked the Edict of Nantes
36
Renes Descartes
- Developed the scientific method along with Francis Bacon
- Rene Descartes considered to be the founder of modern western philosophy, believed that reason provides knowledge of reality (rationalist).
37
Counter Reformation
- Response to the gains of Protestantism and the response to critics within the church that abuses needed to be reformed.
- Council of Trent: established Catholic dogma for the next four centuries (new standards for the Catholic church)
- Creation of Religious Orders: fight protestantism, reform the church through education, jesuits, spread the gospel,
- Roman Inquisition: institutions that were established by the Church in order to seek out, try, and sentence people that the Roman Catholic Church believed to be guilty of heresy. The purpose of the inquisitions was to secure and maintain the dogma of the Church by conversion or persecution.
- Index of prohibited books: list of forbidden books published by the Pope, enforced by the inquisition, anyone caught with a book would suffer consequences.
