Flashcards in Unit Two Deck (34):
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Catherine the Great
- Model examples of enlightened despots
- Elevated Russia to a world power status by the end of her reign in the late 18th century.
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Fredrick of Prussia
- Model examples of enlightened despots
- Granted religious tolerance and established a law code
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Louis XVI
- King of France and an absolute ruler
- His reign marked the outbreak of the French Revolution.
- By 1788, Louis XVI had almost bankrupted the government supporting the American revolution.
- In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed.
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Jean Jacques Rousseau
- Enlightenment thinker
- He had a profound impact on people’s way of life; he taught parents to take a new interest in their children and to educate them differently
- Impacted governments around the world with his idea of the social contract and the importance of individual freedoms.
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Deism
-Belief in the existence of a God on the evidence of reason and nature only, with rejection of supernatural revelation
- Deism is a crucial factor in the French Enlightenment
-Deism was seen as a compromise between the oppressiveness of Christianity and atheistic materialism.
-Many philosophers, including Voltaire, agreed that there must be a God.
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Estates General
- Representative assembly of the three "estates"
- Estate general had the right to approve or veto any tax reforms. The monarchy wanted more taxes.
- The revolt/disassembly of the estate general led to the Tennis Court oath which then led to the French Revolution.
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Ottoman Empire
- Feared by the rest of Europe
- One of the largest and longest lasting Empires in history.
- Replaced the Byzantine Empire as the major power in the Eastern Mediterranean.
- At it's height, it expanded to cover the Balkans and Hungary, and reached the gates of Vienna.
- Known for its extensive Islamic influence in the Middle East which is still carried on to this day.
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Third Estate
- Third estate = Common people
-The third estate was always outvoted by the first and second estate. The representatives of the third estate left the meeting and Louis XVI locked them out of the Palace of Versailles.
- Instead, they had convened in the tennis court.
- On June 20, 1789, they declared the tennis court oath and started the National Assembly of France
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Voltaire
- Famous enlightenment thinker
- Forwarded thinker when it came to civil liberties and the separation of the church and state
- His works and ideas influenced important thinkers of both the American and French Revolutions.
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John Locke
- Enlightenment thinker
- His philosophical views influenced leaders in the French Enlightenment and American Revolution & its Founding Fathers.
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Adam Smith
- Philosopher & political economist
- Considered to be the 'Father of Economics'
- 'Wealth of Nations' considered the foundation of modern economics
- Father of capitalism and the free market economy (laisse-faire)
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Agricultural Revolution
- 17th to 19th century
- Period of technological improvement and increased crop productivity in G.B which helped drive the industrial revolution
- Steam power and system of crop rotation was invented
- Growing population which led to an increase in demand for food
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Seven Year's War
- Great Britain & Prussia vs. France and Austria
- 1756-1763
-Resulted from commercial and colonial rivalry between Britain and France
- Mainly fought between British and French
- British colonists wanted to expand into western American colonies (meant more trade, more wealth)
- Britain won the Seven Years War.
- French had to reduce their colony size in the Caribbean and India.
- This greatly weakened the French economy.
- Because the war was so expensive, to pay for the cost of the war, the British heavily taxed the colonists in the Americas.
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Abolitionist Movement
- Movement to abolish slavery
-Reflected the triumph of modern ideas of freedom and human rights over older social forms based on privileged elites and social stratification.
15
Beethoven
- German musician and composer
- Was a revolutionary artist for his time, refusing to conform to traditional musical standards and always striving to attain perfection
-He can be given almost sole credit for creating the bridge between the Classical period and the Romantic.
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Storming of the Bastille
-In 1789, a crowd attacks the Bastille (a political prison).
-Stand against monarchy and oppression.
-It was a symbol of repression from the ancient regime.
-The Bastille was attacked not by the lower-class, but by shopkeepers and merchants who were now joining in the revolution.
-Political power was now in the streets.
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Louis XIV
- Louis XIV was an absolute monarch, had absolute and total control of his country
- Referenced to be the “Sun King”
- Oblivious to the life of its people
- Nearly bankrupted the country with his building of the Palace of Versailles (symbol of absolutism)
- Longest reign in the history of European rulers
- Revoked the Edict of Nantes which allowed French Protestants freedom of worship.
- Increasing hunger and unrest were evident in France toward the end of the Thirty Years' War, and since France's ingenious system of taxation meant that the people with the least money paid the most, the situation didn't get any better.
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Robespierre
- One of the principal architects of the 'Reign of Terror' -Radical Jacobin leader and one of the principal figures in the French Revolution
- One of the most influential members of the Committee of Public Safety
- His action during the reign of terror represented how far awry a revolution could go, replacing the tyranny of the King with the tyranny of the Committee of Public Safety.
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Salon
-Played an integral role in the cultural and intellectual development of France
-Salons provided a place for women and men to congregate for intellectual discourse.
- Gathering of knowledgeable individuals where people conversed about philosophy, literature and related subjects.
20
Tennis Court Oath
- When Louis XVI locked them out of the Palace, they convened in the tennis court and declared the 'tennis court oath'.
- Started the National Assembly of France in 1789
-The National Assembly said that they would not dissolve unless they had a constitution.
- It was the first step in the Third Estate of France forming an organized protest of the French government in the lead-up to the French Revolution.
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East India Company
- Formed in 1600 by a group of London merchants
- Queen Elizabeth I granted it a monopoly of English commerce with ‘the East’
- At its height, it controlled half the world’s trade
- Controlled many structures and became the official arm of the government.
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Dependency Theory vs. Modernization Theory
Modernization Theory:
- All societies were originally traditional (stagnant/unchanging)
- While scientific discovery was happening in various parts of the world, it was only in Europe did these discoveries lead to important technological advancements.
- Emergence of capitalism also fuelled change; idea that wealth can be used to make more wealth. This idea ultimately powered the Industrial Revolution.
- Developing nations exist because the failed to move rom traditional societies to modern societies; didn't focus on science, technology, innovation, democracy etc.
Dependency Theory:
- Developing nations exist because, since the 18th century, growing European nations purposely created poverty and dependency in these areas, for their own selfish reasons.
-Poor nations provide natural resources, cheap labour, a destination for outdated technology, and markets for developed nations, without which the latter could not have the standard of living they enjoy.
-Wealthy nations perpetuate a state of dependence by various means involving economics, media control, politics, banking and finance, education, culture, and sport.
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Effect of the enlightenment on social groups in France
-Enlightenment transformed the Western world into an intelligent and self-aware civilization.
-Many thinkers of this time argued that "enlightened despotism" was the best way to rule, a wise and cultured ruler was needed. Unlike Louis XIV, an enlightened despot was expected to cultivate religious toleration & freedom of speech (Catherine & Fredrick)
- Philosophical arguments for the separation of the church emerged. The Church's authority was greatly questioned. New religions emerged ,like Voltaire's idea of deism, and agnosticism.
- Weakening of the nobility especially in France. When Louis XIV died in 1715, most other nations were governed by a monarchy.The monarchy believed the noble were far too greedy and lived a far too privileged life.
- Capitalism, laisses-faire (no government interference). Commercial capitalism increased and this lead to greater trade. More money began to spread into the middle or merchant class
-The Enlightenment contributed to the emergence of more secular classes as we know them today - i.e. upper/middle/working classes due to capitalism
24
How has Napoleon Bonaparte shaped our modern picture of Europe? (Military, economic, social & territorial reforms)
- Came to symbolize order following the chaos of the revolution.
-During the time of terror in France, Napoleon asserted himself in a Mediterranean battle.
-Following the fall of the Jacobins and the rise of the Thermidors, tensions were high in France. Napoleon seized an opportunity to show his military prowess when a mob of royalist supporters demonstrated.
- Napoleon had his soldiers fire into the crowd, squashing the demonstration.
- In 1799, Napoleon Bonaparte became First Consul of France.
-In 1804, he crowned himself Emperor of France.
-One of his main campaigns were the Italian and Egyptian campaigns.
-Napoleon demolished the Egyptian army with ease, but the British army was not that easy to defeat. Founded the Rosetta Stone while in Egypt.
-Reorganized the entire legal structure with the Napoleonic Code (basis of law in France and Quebec)
-Fair taxes, increased trade, improved infrastructure, new commercial code, a new central bank to control monetary polices was established
-Napoleon reached an agreement with the Pope allowing the Church a major role in French society while providing religious freedom for all others. He also abolished slavery and freed the serfs, and today he is seen as a progressive force in European history.
-To create a middle-class cadre of leaders, Napoleon reorganized France's education system. He restarted the primary schools, created a new elite secondary system of schools and established many other schools for the general populace. He promoted education for girls and greatly improved teacher training. Literacy levels in France soared under Napoleon's reforms.
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Reign of Terror -- Was it necessary?
- March 1793 - June 1794
- The Terror was designed to fight the enemies of the revolution, anyone who's ideas were counter-revolutionary would be executed (priests, nobility, etc...)
- Resulted in tens of thousands of deaths
Result of two revolutionary systems of government:
- Committee of Public Safety (Robespierre) fought against food shortages, foreign enemies, and political subversion
- Committee of General Security
- Robespierre's ideas on democracy did not include accommodation or compromise
- It was not justified
- Executions were merciless on the extremists, moderate, bystanders, and personal vendettas
- Primarily directed as a means of terrorizing the opponents of the radical movement's attempts toward instilling dictatorial control.
-The use of terror – of mass murder and abuse and fear toward even innocent people merely to send the message that anyone can be targeted and so all must clear the way for whatever the dictatorial powers decree – is never justified, because what is the point of claiming to oppose oppression and abuses by one set of bosses if the proposed answer is just more oppression and abuses by a new set of bosses?
- A revolution is about ideals and liberation from one set of leadership and values in favor of another.
- If the revolution uses terror as a weapon to not only kill off actual literal opponents but to also instill fear and oppression against the masses in order to make dictatorship possible, then there is no justification for that revolution.
- Because it isn't in fact about ideals anymore, nor is it about liberation from anything, and is instead about a grasp for power by those willing to do anything to achieve it, nothing more.
26
Impact of the Declaration of the Rights of Man
- The French declaration listed the absolute rights of the individual.
- The basic principle of the Declaration was that all “men are born and remain free and equal in rights”
- The rights to "liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression" and the rights to freedom of speech and of the press were guaranteed.
- The declaration had immense effect on liberal thought in the 19th century.
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27
Is there a cause and effect relationship between Renaissance humanism and the ideals of the Enlightenment?
- Both had major changes in culture, art, philosophy, science, and mathematics.
-Renaissance started in Florence Italy. Much ancient classical knowledge (medicine, astronomy, architecture etc)was translated and spread by this cultural movement.
-This paved the way for the Enlightenment philosophers and statesmen to apply this knowledge to greater freedom of the individual in thought and rights.
-The Enlightenment drew heavy upon the age of exploration, as the borders of Europe expanded, people started to realize that certain truths might not be that universal nor that Europe was the centre of civilization.
-The Enlightenment was a reaction in a way to the heritage of the Renaissance.
-Enlightenment is normally considered by scholars to be the natural conclusion of the Renaissance, since both were secular in their approaches.
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Outcomes of the French Revolution
- In France the bourgeois and landowning classes (or the middle class) emerged as the dominant power.
- Feudalism was abolished
- Nobles, clergy, towns, provinces, companies, and cities lost their special privileges.
- The Assembly published the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen which stated that the individual and collective rights of the nobility, clergy, and commoners were equal.
- Legislation enacted in 1790 abolished the Church's authority to impose taxes on crops, cancelled special privileges for the clergy, and confiscated Church property.
- Royalist democrats and the National Party were the two new main parties of France.
- The Constitution of 1791 was signed by the king (they forced him to) and from then on France would function as a constitutional monarchy.
-Rise of Napoleon
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Did the French Revolution succeed at any point in achieving goals in respect to women? (liberty, fraternity and equality)
- The Declaration of the Rights of Man, did not grant full citizenship and equal rights to women
- Women still could not vote, sit on a jury, own property, initiate a lawsuit, or make a will.
- French Revolution was such a setback to the rights of women in France that they did not achieve full citizenship and the right to vote until the end of World War II, long after the other western democracies.
-The Jacobins' notion of women's role in society was that of wife and mother, and educator of the children. They felt that women had a critical role to play in French society and the revolution, but it was not a public one.
- Jean Jacques Rousseau praised the importance of women as the caregivers of children. He said women should raise and educate their own children and not turn them over to others. He stated that women did not need to be educated beyond a basic understanding fitted to their role.
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Events occurred between 1789-1804
1789, May: King Louis XVI summons the Estates-General for the first time in 175 years
1789, June: Tennis Court Oath: the French Revolution begins
1789, July: The fall of the bastille (stand against oppression and monarchy)
1791: Slavery abolished in France
1792: Establishment of the French Republic
1793: Attempted constitutional monarchy ends with the execution of Louis XVI
1794: Reign of Terror reaches its height, Robbespierre falls from power in July
1794-1799: the Directory fails to restore order in France
1799: Napoleon seizes power in a coup d'etat
1804: Napoleonic Code declared the new constitution of France and Napoleon crowns himself emperor
31
Global Economy in the 18th Century: Africa and China
Africa:
-Not colonized, settled, or controlled as tightly as other parts of the world
- Population grew steadily due to introduction of American food like corn
-Complex hierarchal system governed societies
-Family lineage controlled access to land and resources, lineages were controlled by elders
- In W. Africa, royalty controlled warfare and trade
China:
-Ruled by Qing dynasty
- Territory expanded, and expeditions to regions of central Asia spread Chinese power and culture further than ever.
-The discovery of the New World by Europeans in the 15th century led to a new global market in American food crops, such as chillies and sweet potatoes, allowing food crops to be grown
-Overall, the Chinese people were better-fed and healthier than ever before, population doubled.
- 18th century, China was among the most advanced economies in the world.
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Was the 18th century the bridge between Europe's aristocratic past and its democratic future?
- As the century progressed, philosophers and scholars began to really revaluate aspects of society.
-At the forefront of such thought was 'reason'. Philosophers and free-thinkers wanted to apply reason and rationality to all aspects of society.
- Liberal ideas stated that individuals had natural rights and that government was an agreement or contract between the people and their ruler. In this governmental contract both the ruler and the citizen had rights and responsibilities.
-Power needed to be separated and balanced so that individuals or groups did not become corrupt through those powers.
-The people wanted a change from absolutism and the divine right of kings to constitutionalism.
-Rulers and governments which abused their power and did not protect the rights of the citizens were corrupt and the people had a right to rebel and replace the ruler.
-Separation of church and state, religious tolerance was needed (Locke)
33
What led to the abolition of slavery?
- People often used the bible as justification, others said that blacks were stronger and more resistant to the working conditions of the colonial plantations. Too profitable.
-Some Enlightened thinkers wanted to put an end to slavery.
- Change in economic interests. As the industrial revolution took hold in the 18th century, Britain no longer needed slave-based goods. The country was more able to prosper from new systems which required high efficiency, through free trade and free labour.
- Resistance by the enslaved. The French Revolution brought ideas of liberty and equality, which inspired those seeking an end to slavery. Revolts ensued which decreased profitability.
- Abolition campaigns and religious groups. The demand for freedom for enslaved people had become almost universal. (Quakers).
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