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Immunobiology > Unit One Incued Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Unit One Incued Innate Immunity Flashcards

(92 cards)

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1
Q

Innate immunity is induced by

A

Invading pathogen

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2
Q

Innate immunity has a delay of

A

4 days

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3
Q

Induced innate immunity occurs when what has failed

A

Inflammation

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4
Q

Innate immunity receptors are expressed by what innate cells

A

Macrophages and NK cells

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5
Q

Innate immunity receptors are specific for

A

Microbial carbohydrates, lipids and proteins

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6
Q

Function of innate immunity receptors

A

Allow the cells to distinguish self from non self

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7
Q

Macrophages receptors are specific for

A

Bacterial carbohydrates and lipids

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8
Q

What are examples of tissue macrophage receptors

A

Lectins, scavenger receptors, complement receptors, toll like receptor

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9
Q

Lectin receptors recognize what

A

Bacterial carbohydrates

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10
Q

Examples of lectin receptors

A

Mannose receptor, dectin-1, ricin

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11
Q

Example of C type lectin receptor

A

Ricin

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12
Q

Scavenger receptors recognize

A

Negatively charged microbial ligands

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13
Q

Examples of scavenger receptors

A

SR-A, SR-B and MARCO

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14
Q

Function of SR-A

A

Recognizes lipopolysaccharide of gram negative bacteria and teichoic acids on gram positive bacteria

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15
Q

SR-B function

A

Recognizes bacterial lipopeptides

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16
Q

function of MARCO

A

Protects the macrophage and assists with phagocytosis

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17
Q

complement receptors on macrophages recognize

A

Ligands like LPS, hemagglutinin, glucans

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18
Q

Example of complement receptors on macrophages

A

CR3 and CR4

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19
Q

When pathogen binds to macrophage receptor what occurs

A

Receptor mediated endocytosis occurs

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20
Q

After pathogen is engulfed by macrophage what occurs

A

Phagosome then fuse with lysosomes to form phagolysosomes to destroy microbe

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21
Q

Function of toll like receptors (TLR)

A

Signal macrophages to recruit additional cells

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22
Q

Toll like receptor TLR4 has how many domains

A

Two

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23
Q

What are the two domains of TLR4

A

Extracellular that is the pathogen recognizing and intracellular that is the cytoplasmic signaling

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24
Q

TLR4 recognition is assisted by additional adaptors such as

A

CD14, MD2, and MyD88

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25
When TLR4 binds to pathogen and adaptors what occurs
A cascade of enzymatic activity to activate phagocytosis
26
What are cytokines
Small soluble proteins that allow communication between cells
27
Macrophages secrete what when an infection has been identified
Cytokines
28
What occurs when macrophage secretes cytokines
Helps to call cells to the site
29
What are the inflammatory cytokines
IL-1b, IL-6, IL-12, CXCL8 and TNF-alpha
30
Neutrophils are not permitted into tissue unless what allows it
Cytokines
31
Function of CXCL8
Calls neutrophils, macrophages, and NK cells toward damaged or infected areas
32
Function of IL-12
Causes NK cells to proliferate and become active
33
Function of IL-6
Causes muscle/fat cells to generate more heat
34
Function of NOD like receptors
Detect intracellular degraded pathogen products
35
NOD1 and NOD2 function
Recognize components of bacterial cells wall in our cells
36
CARD receptor function
Recruits proteases called caspases to trigger apoptosis
37
What recruits CARD
NOD1 and NOD2
38
What forms an inflammasome
IL-1b binds to macrophage receptor so that more IL-1b precursor can be made (inflammasomes)
39
What is the positive feedback in formation of inflammasomes
Macrophages and inflammasomes
40
Characteristic of macrophage
Long lived, in tissues, work from beginning of infection, phagocytosis function
41
Characteristics of neutrophils
Short lived, circulate in blood, chemoattractants in damaged tissue, form pus
42
What mediates movement of leukocytes and neutrophils
Adhesions on leukocytes and tissue surfaces
43
Example of adhesions
Selectins, ICAM-1 and 2
44
Where are selectins
On the endothelial cells of blood vessels
45
Function of selectins
Decreases of blood flow and bind with neutrophils to slow and roll them along vessel
46
Selectins contact what
Glycoproteins on neutrophils
47
ICAM 1 and 2 bind to what
Integrins on neutrophils
48
Function of ICAM1 and 2
Immobilize neutrophil on the vessels surface
49
How do neutrophils leave the blood
Extravasation- between two endothelial cells
50
Can neutrophils or macrophages phagocytose a wider rang and diversity of pathogens
Neutrophils
51
What are the two types of granules in neutrophils
Primary, secondary and tertiary
52
What are the primary granules in neutrophils
Lysozyme, defensins and myeloperoxidase
53
What are the secondary granules in neutrophils
Lactoferrin
54
What are the tertiary granules in neutrophils
Gelatinase
55
What happens to neutrophils when their granules are used up
Apoptosis or Netosis
56
What is netosis
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) continue to kill pathogens
57
How do NETs work
Trap pathogens as the neutrophil is dying, gather rest of granules and pushes them out to kill or trap pathogen
58
What is the systemic effect of inflammatory cytokines
Fever, lethargy and acute phase response
59
How does a fever work
Cytokines act on temperature control sites in hypothalamus, muscle and fat cells
60
What are pyrogens
Turn up temperature
61
What chemical works with fever
Pyrogens
62
Benefits of fever
Pathogens don’t like high temps, allow immune system to run more efficiently
63
How does lethargy help in the inflammatory response
Channels energy to immune defenses
64
Acute phase response does what
Increases concentrations of plasma proteins
65
What plasma proteins are used in acute phase response
CRP and serum amyloid A protein
66
How does CRP work
Opsonin triggers classical pathway of complement fixation
67
How does serum amyloid A protein work
Increases inflammatory cytokine production
68
Lectin pathway uses what lectin
Mannose binding lectin (MBL)
69
MBL binds ot what
Mannose containing carbohydrates of pathogens
70
MBL triggers what
Lectin pathway and increases phagocytosis
71
What do viruses use to replicate
Machinery of cell
72
Viral proteins end up in
Cytoplasm
73
Function fo interferons
Interfere with viral replication and send out signals to prepare neighboring cells
74
Function of RLRs
Sensors that detect viral RNA, trigger the IFN-b production to stimulate cells
75
Short hand of interferons
IFN
76
IFN sends out signals for what type of cells
Natural killer cells
77
NK cells are
Large active lymphocytes
78
Response time of NK cells
Quickly and kill infected cells
79
How do NK cells increase inflammation
Cytokine secretion
80
NK cells express what
CD56 but no CD3
81
What are the two sub populations of NK cells
CD56dim NK cells and CD56bright NK cells
82
Function of CD56dim NK cells
Produce less CD56 molecules and have a greater capacity for killing
83
Where are CD56dim NK cells found
Blood only
84
CD56bright NK cells function
Produce more CD56 molecules
85
Where are CD56bright NK cells found
In tissues only
86
Interferon triggers NK cells to do what
Divide, differentiate and activate
87
What do NK cells do
Check all cells to see if they are healthy or infected
88
What happens when NK cell finds infected cell
NK adheres to target cell and delivers its toxic cargo to destroy the cell through apoptosis
89
What does a macrophage secrete to bring NK cells to site of tissue damage and activate them
IL-12
90
What assists with NK cell activation
IL-15
91
What does NK cell secrete to activate macrophage
IFN-gamma
92
Function of dendritic cell
Detect infection to stimulate lymphocytes and NK cells by changing the expressed cell surface proteins

Immunobiology (4 decks)

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