Unit One Immune System Intro Flashcards by Leah Zimmerman

Immunology

Study of defense mechanisms against invading

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Immune system

Network of defenses against invading pathogens

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Vaccinations (immunizations)

Trigger the immune system to respond to a small amount of the pathogen without causing the effects of the disease

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Vaccines cannot be made against all microorganisms because of

Nature of microorganism, differences in pathogenicity, limitations of technology, differences in individual immune responses

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Commensal means

Eat at same table

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What are commensal microorganisms

Pathogens live with us without causing disease

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What are microbiota

Commensal in a particular body niche

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What are the benefits of commensal microorganisms

Help process digested food and make vitamins, protect against disease by preventing colonization of pathogenic microorganisms, produce antibacterial proteins to kill of other bacteria

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Example of antibacterial

E. coli

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E. coli decreases antibacterial proteins called

Colicins

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Antibiotics do what

Kill off invading pathogens and kill of commensal bacteria

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What are pathogens

Organisms that can cause disease

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Pathogens can also include what

Opportunistic pathogens

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Categories of pathogens are

Bacteria, viruses, parasites, protozoa, fungi

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What is pathogen host interactions

Microbe and its host interacts and the pathogen wants the host to stay alive

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Disease often arises when the host has

A breakdown of the immune system

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What are the barriers of the body

Skin, epithelium of mucous membranes

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What is the first line of defense of the body

Skin

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Examples of epithelium of mucous membranes

Mucus and anti microbial substances

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The skin is protected by

Keratinized cells

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How do you breach epithelium of skin

Cuts, wounds, burns and surgeries

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What in the body uses mucus for protection

Respiratory, GI and urogenital

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The respiratory tract uses what to remove cilia

Mucus

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What are some antimicrobial substances used in respiratory, GI and urogenital tracts

Acids, antimicrobial peptides and lysozymes

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What in acids are used in antimicrobial substances

Fatty acids and lactic acids to create acidic environment

Antimicrobial peptides do what to kill pathogens

Disrupt the membrane

Where do you find lysozymes

Tears and saliva

Function of lysozymes

Degrade the cell wall of pathogens

What are some breaches of natural barriers

Cuts, abrasions, bites, wounds, contaminate food/water, rubbing eyes and nose, breathing respiratory droplets

Many of the bacteria that enter through breaches are resolved by

Innate immunity

When the immediate innate immunity recognizes a pathogen what occurs

Binds to pathogen by soluble proteins and receptors

What is the effector response in the immediate innate response

Kills and eliminates pathogens

The effector response involves

Effector cells, complement and cytokines

What are effector cells

Engulf, kill or attack pathogen

What are complement in effector response

Proteins that help effector cells and also kill pathogens

What are cytokines in effector response

Soluble proteins produced by cells in the damaged area to trigger the induced innate immune response

Immediate innate immunity uses mostly

Inflammation

Inflammation consists of

Heat, pain, redness and swelling

Heat in inflammation

Dilation of capillaries to increase blood flow to damaged area

Redness in inflammation

Blood is close to surface of skin

Swelling in inflammation

Leakage of fluid/ edema

Pain in inflammation

Swelling puts pressure on nerve endings

If innate response fails what is used next

Adaptive immune response

What triggers the adaptive response

Innate

Adaptive immunity is mediated by

Lymphocytes

Is adaptive general or specific

Specific

Adaptive immunity has receptors for

Only one pathogen and their cell surface molecules

Once lymphocyte has identified pathogen, they do what

Proliferate and differentiate

What is clinal selection

Selects for the pathogen specific lymphocytes

Clonal expansion

Makes more of these lymphocytes and differentiates them

Which is faster subsequent exposure or original exposure

Subsequent exposure

What immune response deals with memory

Adaptive immune response

Time duration of innate

Hours, rapid

Time duration of adaptive

Days to weeks, slow response

All blood cells derive from

Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells

Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells are made in where

Yolk sac and fetal liver

At 4-5 months of gestation the hematopoietic cells move where

Bone marrow

In adults where are the hematopoietic cells

Bone marrow of skull, ribs, sternum, vertebra, pelvis and femurs

Are hematopoietic cells self renewal

Yes

What are the two general types of immune cells

Erythroid and myeloid/lymphoid

What are the two types of erythroid cells

Erythrocytes and megakaryocytes (platelets)

Myeloid/lymphoid cells can be divided into what

Granulocytes, monocytes and lymphocytes

Megakaryocytes are where

In bone marrow and make platelets

Granulocytes are what type of leukocytes

Polymorphonuclear

What are the granulocytes

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

Function of neutrophils

Capture, engulf and kill microorganisms

What type of cell is a neutrophil

Phagocyte and effector cell of innate immunity

Time span of neutrophil

Short lived and die when run out of granules to form pus

Function of eosinophils

Fight against worms and parasites

Function of basophils

Involved in regulating parasite response

Myeloid monocyte lineage contains what cells

Monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and mast cells

Function of monocytes

Form macrophages in the tissue

Monocytes are only found where

In blood

Macrophages are what

Large phagocytes

Macrophages are only found where

In tissues

Function of macrophages

Phagocytosis and can call for back up

Function of dendritic cells

Act as cellular messengers when an adaptive response is needed

Mast cells are involved in

Involved in inflammation

Lymphoid lineage consists of

B and T cells and natural killer cells

B and T cells are responsible for

Adaptive immunity

Function of NK cells

Kill off virus infected cells

NK cells deal with what type of immunity

Innate

B cells contain what surface receptors

Immunoglobulins

B cells effector cells are

Plasma cells

Surface receptors of T cells

T cell receptors

Are T cells secreted

What are plasma cells

Secreted B cells that are soluble immunoglobulins

How do effector cells come about in B and T cells

When B and T cells sees the antigen specific for it then they turn into effector cell

B cells become what to produce antibody

Plasma cell

T cells can differentiate into what

Cytotoxic T cell, helper T cell and regulatory T cell

Function of Cytotoxic T cell

Kill cells infected with viruses or intracellular bacteria

Function of helper T cell

Help other leukocytes become effector cells

Helper T cells can help active what cells

Macrophages and B cells

Function of regulatory T cells

Control cytotoxic T cells

Antibodies attack pathogens by what

Neutralization, opsonization and complement activation

What is neutralization

Antibodies binding to pathogens to prevent growth, replication or interaction

What is opsonization

Antibody facilitates phagocytosis of pathogens by macrophages and neutrophils

What is complement activation

Antibody Activates compliment activator proteins

Macrophages and neutrophils have general receptors for antibodies to allow for

Phagocytosis

What are the primary lymphoid tissues

Bone marrow, thymus, spleen, adenoids, tonsils, appendix, lymph nodes and peyer’s patches

What are the secondary lymphoid tissues

Mucosa of gut, respiratory mucosa and urogenital tract mucosa

What is central lymphoid tissues

Where lymphocytes are made and mature

Example of central lymphoid tissue

Bone marrow and thymus

Wha this peripheral lymphoid tissue

Location where mature lymphocytes are stimulated to respond to pathogens

Example of peripheral lymphoid tissue

Lymph nodes

Can pathogens be found in the peripheral lymphoid tissues

Yes

What is lymphocyte recirculating

Lymphocytes circulate in blood stream and lymphatic ducts

What are lymphatic follicles

T or B cell areas of aggregation

How does adaptive immunity work in lymph node

Pathogen enter through afferent vessel, B cell and T cell bind to pathogen and proliferate, then pass through efferent vessel

B cell are further activate by what in the lymph node

T cells

Function of spleen

Filter blood and removed dead RBCs

What stimulates the B and T cells arriving in spleen

Splenic macrophages and dendritic cells

What occurs in red pulp of spleen

RBCs monitored and removed

What happens in white pulp of spleen

Where WBCs gather

What is asplenia

No spleen when born, more susceptible to infections

What is involved in mucosal immunity

GALT, BALT, MALT

Function of mucosal immunity

Filter out pathogens to activate lymphocytes

What delivers pathogens across the mucosa for delivery to lymphocytes to be activate

M cells