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Immunobiology > Unit One Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Unit One Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What is the immediate response to infection

A

Innate immunity

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2
Q

What are the physical nad chemical barriers

A

Skin and mucosal epithelium

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3
Q

Commensal microorganisms colonize what

A

Skin and mucosa

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4
Q

Do babies have commensal population

A

No not initially

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5
Q

The gut has what type of relationship for commensal

A

Symbiotic

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6
Q

Extracellular infections are subject to

A

Soluble secreted molecules of the immune system such as antibodies

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7
Q

Intracellular infections are fought off how

A

Infected cell has to be sacrificed

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8
Q

Where is compliment made

A

Liver

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9
Q

What is complement

A

Soluble proteins used as a defense mechanism

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10
Q

Complement is found where

A

In lymphatics and blood

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11
Q

How does complement work

A

Coats the surface of bacteria or virus to make easier to phagocytosis

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12
Q

Some complement proteins are what type of enzyme

A

Proteases

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13
Q

Compliment circulates in inactive forms called

A

Zymogen

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14
Q

What triggers compliment activation

A

Infection which causes a cascade of enzymatic reactions

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15
Q

The cascade of complement activates what

A

Proteases

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16
Q

When complement is activated what happens with C3

A

C3 is cleaved into C3a and C3b

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17
Q

What occurs during compliment fixation

A

C3b binds to pathogen surface

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18
Q

What occurs during complement organization

A

C3b organizes other complement proteins

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19
Q

What occurs during complement calling effector cells

A

C3a calls macrophages

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20
Q

When C3b is activated, what is exposed and is targeted by water to allow tight fixation to pathogen surface

A

Thioester bond

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21
Q

What are the three pathways of complement activation

A

Alternative pathway, lectin pathway, classical pathway

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22
Q

What complement pathway works at the start of an infection

A

Alternative

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23
Q

What complement pathway takes days and is induced by innate immunity

A

Lectin pathway

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24
Q

What complement pathway requires binding of antibody or a specialized protein to pathogen surface

A

Classical

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25
What is complement pathway cleaves and activates Cb3
C3 convertases
26
C3b can also bind to what to cause cleavage by factor D
Factor B
27
What is the alternative C3 convertase
C3bBb
28
C3bBb creates more what
C3b and causes more activation
29
What are complement control proteins
Plasma proteins that interact with C3b on human and microbial cell surfaces that prevent complement fixation on human cells
30
Examples of complement control proteins
Properdin (factor P), factor H and Factor I
31
Aka of properdin
Factor P
32
Function of properdin
Binds to C3bBb on microbial surfaces and prevents its degradation
33
Properdin increases what of C3 convertase
Power, speed and efficiency
34
What regulatory proteins shut down compliment pathway
Factor H and I
35
Function of factor H
Binds to C3b and promotes cleavage of C3b by Factor I to become iC3b
36
Function of factor I
Works with factor H to decrease C3 convertase molecules on the pathogen surface
37
What happens in people who lack Factor I
C3bBb is unchecked, reservoir of C3 depletes, no C3 is left when a new pathogen is encountered
38
What are the membrane proteins that interfere with complement activation at human cell surfaces
Decay accelerating factor (DAF) and membrane cofactor protein (MCP_
39
DAF function
Binds to C3b and renders it inactive
40
Function of MCP
Makes C3b more susceptible to cleavage and inactivation by factor I
41
Macrophages are part of what immunity
Innate and adaptive
42
Where are macrophages present
Mucosal surfaces and in the liver (kupffer cells)
43
What on the surface of macrophages enhances phagocytosis
Complement receptor 1 (CR1)
44
What on macrophages bind to iC3b on microbial surfaces to enhance phagocytosis
CR3 and CR4
45
C5 convertase acts on
C5 component
46
C5 convertase composed of
Bb and two C3b fragments
47
Function of alternative C5 convertase
Splits | C5 into C5a and C5b
48
C5b forms what
A membrane attack complex (MAC attack)
49
MAC attack does what
Breaches pathogen membrane by making holes in the membrane
50
C5b binds to what
C6 and C7
51
Function of C6 and C7 after binding with C5b
Insert into lipid bilayer of pathogen
52
Function of C8 after binding to C5b
Inserts into membrane to initiate polymerization of C9 to help form transmembrane pores
53
What are some terminal complement components
C5, 6, 7, 8 and 9
54
Terminal complement components are regulated by
Soluble and cell surface proteins
55
What are some soluble proteins that prevent pores from forming in host cells by terminal complement components
S protein, clusterin and factor J
56
What cell surface proteins help protect against terminal complement components
Homologous restriction factor (HRF) and CD59
57
Function of CD59 cell surface protein
Prevents C9 from being called by C5b, C6, 7 and 8
58
C3a and C5a causes
Inflammation by phagocytes, endothelial cells and mast cells
59
What cells have receptors fo C5a and C3a triggering inflammation
Phagocytes, endothelial cells and mast cells
60
What occurs during inflammation
Contraction of smooth muscle, degranulation of mast cells and basophils, release of histamine, capillary permeability
61
Function of C5a during inflammation
Acts on neutrophils and monocytes to increase their adherence to blood vessel walls and acts a chemoattractant to call cells to site of inflammation
62
Function of complement
Opsonization (C3b), inflammation (C3a and C5a) and MAC attack
63
The coagulation system uses plasma enzymes that induce
Blood clotting
64
Platelets release substances that causes
Inflammation and trigger wound healing
65
What is the kinin system
Enzymatic cascade triggered by tissue damage to cause vasodilation
66
Example of kinin system
Bradykinin
67
Pathogens also create proteases that do what
Damage host tissue
68
Alpha2-macroglobulins function
Lure pathogen proteases and trap them and deactivates them
69
What in alpha2-macroglobulins lure pathogenic proteases
Thioactive region
70
What are some antimicrobial peptides
Defensins and penetrations
71
Function of defensins
Penetrate microbial membranes to disrupt the integrity of bacteria, enveloped viruses and fungi
72
Defensins are produced by
Neutrophils
73
Function of pentraxins
Assist with phagocytosis by binding bacterial membrane to phagocytic cells

Immunobiology (4 decks)

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