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GENBIO > UNIT XI ENDOCRINE SYSTEM > Flashcards

UNIT XI ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy of Endocrine System

A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Pituitary
  3. Pineal Body
  4. Thyroid
  5. Parathyroids (posterior part of thyroid
  6. Thymus
  7. Adrenals
  8. Pancreas (islets)
  9. Ovaries (female)
  10. Testes (males)
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2
Q

Functions of Endrocrine System

A
  1. Controls homeostasis
  2. Maintains water balance
  3. Controls uterine contractions
  4. Controls milk production
  5. Regulate ions (calcium, sodium, potassium)
  6. Regulates metabolism and growth
  7. Regulates heart rate and blood pressure
  8. Monitors blood glucose levels
  9. Aids the immune system
  10. Reproductive functions
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3
Q

Components of Endocrine System

A
  1. Endocrine glands
  2. Chemical signal
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4
Q

Components of Endocrine System

Secrete their product directly into blood stream

A

Endocrine glands

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5
Q

Components of Endocrine System

molecules that are released from one location, move to another location, and produce a response

A

Chemical signal

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6
Q

Types of Chemical Signals

A
  1. Intracellular
  2. Intercellular
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7
Q

Types of Chemical Signals

produce in one of part a cell and move to another part of same cell

A

Intracellular

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8
Q

Types of Chemical Signals

released from one cell and bind to receptors on another cell

A

Intercellular

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9
Q

Types of Intercellular Signals

A
  1. Autocrine
  2. Paracrine
  3. Neurotransmitter and neuromodulators
  4. Pheromones
  5. Hormones and neurohormones
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10
Q

Types of Intercellular Signals

1. released by cells and a have local effect on same cell type
2. Ex. (released in response to
inflammation)

A

1. Autocrine
2. Ex. Eicosanoids

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11
Q

Types of Intercellular Signals

1. Released by cells that affect other cell types in close proximity
2. Ex. (inhibits insulin secretion)

A

1. Paracrine
2. Ex. Somatostatin

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12
Q

Types of Intercellular Signals

1. secreted by nerve cells
2. Ex.

A

1. Neurotransmitter and neuromodulators
2. Nervous system function

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13
Q

Types of Intercellular Signals

1. secreted into env’t and modify behavior and physiology of other individdual in same species
2. Ex.

A

1. Pheromones
2. Women and menstrual cycles

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14
Q

Types of Intercellular Signals

1. secreted into blood and bind to receptor sites
2. Ex.

A

1. Hormones and neurohormones
2. Epinephrine and insulin

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15
Q

Components of Hormones

A
  1. Receptor site
  2. Target tissues
  3. Specificity
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16
Q

Components of Hormones

location on a cell where hormone binds (lock)

A

Receptor site

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17
Q

Components of Hormones

group of cells that respond to specific hormones

A

Target tissues

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18
Q

Components of Hormones

specific hormones bind to specific receptor sites

A

Specificity

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19
Q

Parts of Target Cell Response to Hormones

A
  1. Circulating blood
  2. Capillary
  3. Hormone
  4. Target cell with receptors for the hormone
  5. Nontarget cell with different receptor types
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20
Q

Parts of Target Cell Response to Hormones

are secreted into the blood and distributed throughout the body where diffuse from the blood into the _______

A

Hormones and intersititial fluid (yellow arrow)

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21
Q

Types of Hormones

A
  1. Water soluble
  2. Lipid hormones
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22
Q

Types of Hormones

1. Includes proteins, peptides, amino acids
2. Most common
3. Ex.

A

1. Water Soluble
2. Ex. Growth hormone, antidiuretic, prolactin, etc.

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23
Q

Types of Hormones

1. includes steroids and eicosanoids
2. Ex.

A

1. Lipid hormones
2. LH, FSH, androgens

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24
Q

Regulation of Hormones

A
  1. Blood Levels of Chemicals
  2. Other hormones
  3. Nervous system
  4. Negative Feedback
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25
Q

Regulation of Hormones

Example of Blood levels of chemicals

A

Ex. Blood glucose levels (insulin)

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26
Q

Regulation of Hormones

Example of Other hormones

A

Ex. TSH signals thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone

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27
Q

Regulation of Hormones

Example of Nervous system

A

Ex. Epinephrine and fight or flight response

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28
Q

Regulation of Hormones

tells body when homeostasis is reached

A

Negative Feedback

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29
Q

Parts of Pituitary Gland

A

1. Mammillary Body
2. Hypothalamus
3. Infundibulum
4. Pituitary gland
5. Optic Chiasm
6. Sella turcica of sphenoid bone
7. Third ventricle
9. Hypothalamic nerve cell

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30
Q

1. Small gland in brain
2. Controlled by ____
3. Divides into 2 regions:____
4. Secretes at least _____

A

1. Pituitary Gland
2. Hypothalamus
3. Anterior and Posterior
4. 6 hormones

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31
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A

1. Growth hormone (GH) Bone
2. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Adrenal cortex
3. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Thyroid gland
4. Gonadotropic hormones (FSH and LH) Testis and Ovary
5. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone Skin
6. Prolactin Mammary glands

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32
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

1. Oxytocin Uterus smooth muscle and mammary glands
2. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Kidney tubules

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33
Q

Anterior pituitary

Growth hormone (GH)

A

Bone

34
Q

Anterior pituitary

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

Adrenal cortex

35
Q

Anterior pituitary

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

Thyroid gland

36
Q

Anterior pituitary

Gonadotropic hormones (FSH and LH)

A
  1. Testis
  2. Ovary
37
Q

Anterior pituitary

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

A

Skin

38
Q

Anterior pituitary

Prolactin

A

Mammary glands

39
Q

Posterior pituitary

Oxytocin

A

Uterus smooth mucscle and Mammary glands

40
Q

Posterior pituitary

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

Kidney tubules

41
Q

Anterior pituitary

Growth Hormone:
Target tissues:
Functions:
Abnormalities:

A

Target tissues: Most
Functions: Stimulates growth of bones, muscles, and organs
Abnormalities:
1. Too much GH causes giantism
2. Too little GH cause pituitary dwarfism

42
Q

Anterior pituitary

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Target tissues:
Functions:
Abnormalities:

A

Target tissues: thyroid gland
Functions: regulates thyroid gland secretions
Abnormalities:
1. Too much TSH, throid gland enlarges
2. Too little TSH, thyroid gland shrinks

43
Q

Anterior pituitary

LH (Luteinizing) for females:
Target tissue:
Function:

A

Target tissue: ovaries
Function: promotes ovulation and progesterone production

44
Q

Anterior pituitary

LH for males:
Target tissue:
Function:

A

Target tissue: testes
Function: sperm production and testosterone

45
Q

Anterior pituitary

FSH (Follicle-Stimulating) for females:
Target tissue:
Function:

A

Target tissue: follicles in ovaries
Function: follicle maturation and estrogen secretion

46
Q

Anterior pituitary

FSH for males:
Target tissue
Function

A

Target tissue: seminiferous tubules (testes)
Function: sperm production

47
Q

Anterior pituitary

Prolactin:
Target tissues:
Functions:

A

Target tissues: mammary glands and ovaries
Functions: milk production

48
Q

Posterior Pituitary Gland

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Target tissues:
Functions:
Abnormalities:

A

Target tissues: kidneys
Functions: conserve water
Abnormalities: Diabetes insipidus:
1. low ADH
2. kidneys to produce large amounts of dilute (watery) urine
3. can lead to dehydration and thirst

49
Q

Posterior pituitary

Oxytocin:
Target tissues:
Functions:

A

Target tissues: uterus
Functions: increases uterine contractions during labor; milk “let-down”

50
Q

1. One of largest glands
2. Requires iodine to function

A

Thyroid Gland

51
Q

Thyroid Gland

Thyroid Hormones:
Target tissues:
Functions:

A

Target tissues: most
Functions: regulates metabolic rates and is needed for growth

52
Q

Abnormalities of Thyroid Gland

A
  1. Hypothyroidism
  2. Hyperthyroidism
53
Q

Abnormalities Thyroid Gland

Characteristics of Hypothyroidism

A
  1. Decreased metabolism
  2. Weight gain, reduce appetite, fatigue
  3. Low temp. and pulse
  4. Dry, cold skin
  5. Myxedema in Adults
  6. Cretinism in infants
54
Q

Abnormalities of Thyroid Gland

Characteristics of Hyperthyroidism

A
  1. Increased metabolism
  2. Weight loss, increased appetites, nervouseness
  3. Higher temp. and pulse
  4. Warm, flushed skin
  5. Graves’ disease (leads to goiter)
55
Q

Thyroid Gland

Calcitonin:
Target tissues:
Functions:

A

Target tissues: bones
Functions: secreted when blood Ca^2+ levels are high

56
Q

Parts of Parathyroid Gland

A
  1. Pharynx
  2. Posterior aspect of thyroid gland
  3. Esophagus
  4. Trachea
  5. Parathyroid glands
57
Q

Parathyroid Gland

Parathyroid hormone (PTH):
Target tissues:
Functions:

A

Target tissues: bones and kidneys
Functions: regulates blood Ca^2+ levels (more than calcitonin)

If Ca^2+ is low then osteoclasts break down bone matrix and less Ca^2+ is lost in urine

IF Ca^2+ is high then osteoclast don’t break down bone matrix and more Ca^2+ is lost in urine

58
Q

Parts of Adrenal Glands

a. Anterior View

A

a. Anterior View
1. Adrenal glands
2. Abdominal aorta
3. Adrenal gland
4. Fat
5. Renal Artery
6. Renal Vein
7. Kidney
8. Ureter

59
Q

Parts of Adrenal Glands

b.

A
  1. Cortex
  2. Medulla
  3. Adrenal gland
60
Q

Parts of Adrenal Glands

c.

A

Cortex
1. Connective tissue capsule
2. Secretes mineralocorticoids
3. Secretes glucocorticoids
4. Secretes androgens
Medulla

61
Q

Anatomy and Histology of the Adrenal Gland

A

a. An adrenal gland lies at the superior pole of each kidney
b. The adrenal glands have an outer cortex and an inner medulla
c. The cortex is surrouded by a connective tissue capsule

62
Q

1. On kidneys
2. 2 Regions ______ and ______

A
  1. Adrenal Glands
  2. Medulla and Cortex
63
Q

Adrenal Glands

Adrenal Medulla (inner portion):
- Epinephrine/Norepinephrine:
Target tissues:
Functions:

A

- Epinephrine/ Norepinephrine:
Target tissues: heart, blood vessels, liver, fat cells
Functions: released as part of fight or flight response

64
Q

Adrenal Glands

Adrenal Cortex (outer portion): **
- Aldosterone:
-type of ______**
Target tissues:
Functions

A

**Type of **mineralocorticoids
Target tissues: kidneys
Functions: causes Na^+ and H2O to be retained and K^+ to be secreted, indirectly involvd with blood pressure and blood volume

65
Q

Adrenal Glands

Cortisol:
-type of ______
Target tissues:
Functions:

A

Type of glucocorticoids
Target tissues: most
Functions: increases breakdown of fat and protein for energy uses reduce inflammatory and immune reponses

66
Q

Adrenal Glands

Androgens:
Target tissues:
Functions:

A

Target tissues: most
Functions:
Males: secondary sexual characteristics
Females: sex drive

67
Q

Pancreas

Organ in abdomen
Insulin:
Target tissues:
Functions:

A

Insulin:
Target tissues: liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and satiety center of hypothalamus
Functions
1. regulates blood glucose levels
2. after a meal glucose levels are high and insulin is secreted
3. extra glucose is stored in form of glycogen

68
Q

Stucture of the Pancreas

The ________ portion of the pancreas is made oup of scattered pancreatic islets. Aplha cells secretes ________, and beta cells secrete _______

A
  1. Endocrine
  2. Alpha Cells (secretes glucagon)
  3. Beta Cells (secretes insulin)
69
Q

Stucture of the Pancreas

Secrete enzymes that move through the ducts of the small intestine

A

Exocrine portions of pancreas

70
Q

Stucture of the Pancreas

first part of small intestine

A

Duodenum

71
Q

Stucture of the Pancreas

Parts of Pancreas

A
  1. Duodenum
  2. Common bile duct form liver
  3. Pancreatic duct
  4. Pancreas
  5. Exocrine portion of pancreas
  6. Pancreatic islet
  7. Alpha Cell (secretes glucagon)
  8. Beta cell (secretes insulin)
  9. To pancreatic duct
  10. To blood stream
72
Q

Pancreas

-Abnormalities
Diabetes mellitus:
Causes:
Symptoms:
Type I:
Type II:

A

Diabetes mellitus
Causes: too littel insulin or faulty insulin receptors
Symptoms: exaggerated appetite, excess urine, dehydration, thirst, fatigue
Type I: insulin dependent (daily injections required)
Type II: insulin independent, often found in obese people, can be treated with diet but can turn into type I

73
Q

Pancreas

Glucagon:
Target tissues:
Function:

A

Glucagon:
Target tissues: liver
Function
1. regulates blood glucose levels
2. between meals glucose levels drop and glucagon is secreted
3. glucagon allows glycogen to be broken down into glucose

74
Q

-Testes
Terstosterone:
Taget tissues:
Functions:

A

Testosterone:
Target tissues: most
Functions: aids in sperm and reproductive organ development and function

75
Q

-Ovaries
Estrogen/Progesterone:
Target tissues:
Functions:

A

Estrogen/Progesterone:
Target tissues: most
Functions: involved in uterine and mammary gland development and mestrual cycle

76
Q

-Thymus gland
Thymosin:
Target tissues:
Functions:

A

Thymosin:
Target tissues: immune system tissues
Functions: promotes immune system development and function

77
Q

-Pineal Body
Melatonin:
Target tissues:
Functions:

A

Melatonin:
Target tissues: hypothalamus
Functions: plays a role in onset of puberty and controls circadian rhythms. Light affects its function

78
Q

Pineal Body

1. Inhibits GnRH secretion from hypothalamus
2. May help regulate sleep cycles by enchancing the tendency to sleep

A

Melatonin

79
Q

Parts of Pineal Body

A
  1. Pineal body
  2. Postganglionic sympathetic neuron
  3. Sympathetic ganglion
  4. Preganglionic sympathetic neuron
  5. Melatonin
  6. Hypothalamus
  7. Neural pathways
  8. Eye (light rays)
80
Q

1. Increasing day length ________ neural stimulation of melatonin
2. Decreasing day length ________ nural stimulation of melatonin secretion

A
  1. Increasing daylength reduces neural stimulation of melatonin secretation
  2. Decreasing day length increasesneural stimulation of melatonin secretion

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