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Upper Urinary Tract Anatomy Flashcards

(77 cards)

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1
Q

Which component of the urinary tract produces urine?

A

The kidneys

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2
Q

Which component of the urinary tract drains urine from the kidney to the bladder?

A

Ureter

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3
Q

Which component of the urinary tract stores urine?

A

Bladder

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4
Q

Which component of the urinary tract allows excretion of urine?

A

Urethra

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5
Q

As well as urine, what else is excreted from the urethra in males?

A

Semen

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6
Q

What components of the urinary system make up the upper urinary tract?

A

The kidneys and ureters

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7
Q

What components of the urinary system make up the lower urinary tract?

A

The bladder and urethra

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8
Q

An upper UTI may spread where?

A

Kidneys

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9
Q

A lower UTI usually involves where?

A

Urethra and bladder

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10
Q

Where are the kidneys and proximal ureters found?

A

In the abdomen- retroperitoneal

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11
Q

The pelvis is marked superiorly by what?

A

Iliac crests

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12
Q

What does retroperitoneal mean?

A

Behind the peritoneal cavity

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13
Q

Where are the distal ureters, bladder and proximal urethra found?

A

Pelvis

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14
Q

Where is the distal urethra found?

A

The perineum

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15
Q

The peritoneal cavity is within what?

A

The abdominal cavity

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16
Q

The peritoneal membrane is in contact with what part of the kidney?

A

Anterior

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17
Q

What great vessels are also found in the retroperitoneum?

A

IVC and abdominal aorta

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18
Q

Kidneys are located where in relation to their own visceral peritoneum?

A

Posterior

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19
Q

What are the 5 layers (from outer to inner) anterior to the kidneys?

A

Visceral peritoneum, paranephric fat, renal (deep) fascia, perinephric fat, renal capsule

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20
Q

What is the function of all the muscles surrounding the kidneys?

A

Guarding- they can contract to protect the kidneys from trauma

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21
Q

What are the 3 anterolateral abdominal wall muscles?

A

External oblique, internal oblique, transverses abdominus

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22
Q

What 2 muscles are found posterior to the kidney? Which is more medial?

A

Quadratus lumborum, psoas major (more medial)

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23
Q

Which aspect of the kidney forms the root? What is this area known as?

A

Medial aspect, known as the hilum

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24
Q

What structures will arise from the hilum of the kidneys?

A

Renal artery/vein and the ureter

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25
Renal arteries are branches of what?
Abdominal aorta
26
Which is more anterior, renal arteries or veins?
Veins
27
Where do the kidneys lie in relation to the vertebral bodies?
Lateral
28
Which kidney is more inferior? Why?
The right, due to the liver above
29
What vertebral levels is the right kidney found at?
L1-L3
30
What vertebral levels is the left kidney found at?
T12-L2
31
Floating ribs are found where in relation to the kidneys? What is their function?
Posterior- they offer some protection to the kidneys against penetrating trauma
32
What can happen if the floating ribs fracture?
The displaced end may bruise, lacerate or penetrate the kidney
33
What organ sits on top of the left kidney?
Spleen
34
Within which quadrants are the kidneys?
Left and right upper
35
Within which regions are the kidneys?
Right and left lumbar (flank)
36
How will a normal kidney feel?
Smooth, regular, firm
37
Where should you palpate the right kidney posteriorly?
Within the right flank, just inferior to the 12th rib
38
Which direction do kidneys move on inspiration?
Inferiorly
39
What should you ask patients to do when you are trying to ballot the kidneys?
Breathe in
40
The right kidney is posterior to what structures?
Liver, 2nd part of duodenum, ascending colon and right colonic flexure
41
The left kidney is posterior to what structures?
Stomach, tail of pancreas, spleen, splenic vessels
42
If any abnormal fluid is collecting in the abdominal cavity, where will it collect when the patient lies down?
Hepatorenal recess
43
What is the hepatorenal recess?
Deepest part o the greater sac of the peritoneal cavity
44
Once the aorta and IVC bifurcate, which sits anteriorly, the arteries or veins?
Arteries
45
The ureteric arterial blood supply comes from branches of which vessels?
Renal artery, abdominal aorta, common iliac artery, internal iliac artery, vesicle artery
46
Where do the renal veins drain into?
IVC
47
Lymph from the uterers drains to where?
Lumbar and iliac nodes
48
Where does the abdominal aorta bifurcate?
The level of the umbilicus
49
Where do lumbar nodes sit?
In the midline at the aorta
50
Lymph from the kidneys drains to where?
Lumbar nodes
51
Which type of AAA involves the renal arteries?
Suprarenal
52
Which type of AAA is below the renal arteries and does not directly involve them?
Infrarenal
53
How can renal artery stenosis occur in infrarenal AAA?
Atherosclerosis
54
How can renal artery stenosis occur in suprarenal AAA?
Occlusion of the proximal renal artery by the aneurysm
55
What is a bifid ureter?
Two tubes form a single tube further down
56
If the ureter is retrocaval, what structure will it be behind? Is this normal or abnormal?
Behind the IVC, this is abnormal as it is usually infront
57
A solitary kidney on imaging can be caused by what things?
Agenesis (developmental failure to form), nephrectomy (from pathology or donation)
58
What 2 parts do the kidneys consist of?
Outer cortex and inner medulla
59
What does the inner medulla contain?
Renal pyramids, containing 50000 nephrons
60
What gives the renal pyramids their striped appearance?
Regularly arranged nephrons
61
Both the outer cortex and inner medulla of the kidney are within what structure?
Renal capsule
62
What part of the nephron allows ultrafiltration of blood? Where does this blood arise from?
Glomerulus- arises from branches of the renal artery
63
Where does the collecting duct drain into?
Minor calyx as urine
64
What structures must urine drain through in order to reach the ureter?
Minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter
65
The diameter of urine drainage tubes increases until when?
A constriction at the pelviureteric junction
66
Where are the 3 sites of anatomical ureteric constriction?
Pelviureteric junction, ureter crossing the common iliac artery, ureteric orifice
67
The ureteric orifice opens onto where?
The corner of the trigone on the floor of the bladder
68
Where does the ureter normally cross the common iliac artery?
At its bifurcation
69
Renal calculi form from what? Why are they bad?
Form from urine calcium stones and can obstruct the tract
70
Renal calculi are usually seen on what type of imaging?
X-ray
71
Renal calculi are most likely to be seen where?
The 3 anatomical constrictions of the urinary tract
72
Apart from stones, what else can block the urinary tracy?
Blood clot or external forces e.g. tumour
73
The ureter has what kind of muscle in its walls? What is its response to obstruction? What does this result in?
Smooth muscle, obstruction causes peristalsis which causes colicky pain
74
Obstructions cause urine to drain back towards where?
The kidneys
75
Obstructions to the urethra cause problems with which kidney?
Both
76
What can a urinary tract obstruction end up causing?
Renal failure
77
It is really painful if liquid gets into the kidneys. Why?
The renal capsule is tight and does not allow the kidneys to expand

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