Urban Environments Flashcards

Question

How do land values effect the location of urban residential areas?

Answer 1

In most HIC cities high-dense residential is inner-city (usually low bc price) Density decreases with space in suburbs Often poor folks in inner-city bc employment → stuff around is expensive

Answer 2

Positive segregation: group gains together bc they support services Negative segregation: groups excluded (redlining)

Answer 3

Plans for social mix via a variety of mixed housing "Edge cities" often gated by wealthy → mix doesn't occur

Answer 4

Development patten different from the rest of the world CBD around colonial core, commercial extension → "spine" of area with parks, upper-middle Outside are recent suburbs with fewer services Better-accessible older shanty housing compared to new

Answer 5

Physical indicators: quality of housing, pollution, crime Social indicators: health levels/access to care, education standards Economic indices: access to employment, income levels Political indices: opportunity to vote, partake in community organization

Answer 6

Typically on land not wanted by planners 1+ individuals living under the same root in urban area, lacking 1 or more: Durable housing Sufficient living space Access to improved water Access to improved sanitation facilities Secure tenure

Answer 7

Positive: Points of assimilation Informal employment without commute Strong sense of kinship Low crime rates Negative: Lacks security of tenure No basic services Overcrowding Hazardous sites Poor levels of hygiene and sanitation

Answer 8

Formal economy, often foreign-owned and for elite Informal economy, local, labor-intensive → bazaar economy and street economy Can work in both sectors

Answer 9

Informal easy to enter Informal indigenous inputs, formal foreign Informal family property, formal corporate Informal adapted tech, formal imported Informal unregulated/competitive market, formal protected

Answer 10

Increase in proportion of people living in urban areas Causes: rural-to-urban migration, urban sprawl S-curve tails at 80% → many HICs have falling urban population

Answer 11

Birth rate > death rate Often in cities bc youthful structure

Answer 12

People think they'll be better off in urban areas → move to cities Push factors: negs that cause movement away Pull factors: attractions in another place

Answer 13

Uncontrolled growth of urban areas Limited by green belts

Answer 14

Gentrification of Woodstock in Cape Town Became seaside suburb in 1850s bc rail line, population grew Stayed integrated during apartheid → POC moved in during 1970s and 80s Urban renewal started in 90s, more young professionals and shops, businesses, etc

Answer 15

Shanghai is very large; hub for information and most industries 11 themed satellite towns as growth points Air and water transport, but mainly extensive metro lines and buses Targets: public transport between any 2 parts of city center is 1 bus, < 60 min High levels of water stress from demand, saltwater, pollution of agriculture and lack of treatment Most waste is piled outside the city → use of incineration to destroy toxins and for energy Strong base in telecommunications

Answer 16

Long-term decline in manufacturing employment Declining since 1950s Causes: Decline or increasing cost of materials Automation Increased competition Falling demand

Answer 17

Positive: industries reduce workforce to increase productivity via automation → more competitive Negative: industries decline without productivity compensation

Answer 18

Was a large city bc car industries, now a lot of vacancy and fallen prices Causes: falling car sales → less revenue, shrinking population, aging population → social costs Lots of unemployment, illiteracy, crime Attempts at revival in farms and art scene from low costs

Answer 19

Structure of air above area: more dust → more noxious fumes from industry Structure of urban surface: heat-retaining materials, aspect, exposure

Answer 20

Radiation and sunshine: Scattering short-wave, absorb long-wave; depends on screening by buildings Haze from industry Clouds and fog: Higher incidence of cloud cover in summer bc convection, radiation fog in winter Day temps .6°c warmer Temperatures: Heat energy retention / release → heat islands 1.5°c warmer on winter nights Big local contrasts between sun and shade Pressure and winds: Severe turbulence around tall buildings, calm small streets Humidity: Decreases bc lack of moisture and high temps Precipitation: More intense storms bc less stability Less snowfall

Answer 21

Stream area under highway, temp ~5° higher than city Restoration has decreased temp, increased wind speed, no highway

Answer 22

Air pollution from diesel exhaust, construction dust, industrial emissions, household cooking and heating Also a problem for smaller Indian cities Rules rarely enforced

Answer 23

Burn less fossil fuels and use energy-efficient technology Use public transit or carpool Bike or walk Use catalytic converters Increase enforcement of emissions standards

Answer 24

Altitude causes lower pressure → higher combustion emissions Pollutant smog blankets city from sun Very expensive Using more green roofs Programs against air pollution: Reduce use of private vehicles Enforce engine maintenance standards Improve fuel quality Make catalytic converters compulsory

Answer 25

Transport performance index (TPI) 0-10 Peak congestion weekday morning and evening Weekend is less severe but prolonged Worse at beginning of school year, around holidays, etc

Answer 26

Related to traffic volume, composition, speed, weather, road surface, barriers Exposure to roads may cause people to exceed the recommended average noise levels

Answer 27

2016 olympics → property boom in central favelas, more outsiders Displaced 170,000 people

Answer 28

Slum area home to thousands of micro-industries → means to escape poverty Contested bc developers want to turn it into a business area, displacing 1 mil

Answer 29

Concentrated in most urbanized / industrialized areas, poorest working-class Higher rates in deprived areas and where there are more commuters than residents

Answer 30

Typical attributes: young, single, minority, male, broken home, low-income and skill, unemployed, poor housing Location: Crime targets Easy access Residential land use Lack of health centers, schools, rec areas, police stations

Answer 31

Islamabad: dense informal settlement in Zanjan, few facilities Violence, drug abuse and trafficking Higher rates of burglary and stealing in dense, poor-quality Badarawa-Malali district of Kaduna than high-income areas with higher car theft

Answer 32

Two areas of deprivation: inner-city El Ravel and edge migrant housing Deindustrialized in 70s and 80s → high unemployment Overcome via economic transformation: entreprenurial and political leadership, public-private partnership, diversification of economy especially for World Cup Continues to regenerate

Answer 33

More police officers Greater use of security cameras Improved street lighting More available and women-only taxis when bars close

Answer 34

% of pop in urban areas is increasing, highest in North America All cities are growing, megacities and large cities fastest

Answer 35

Economically productive, socially inclusive, environmentally friendly Functioning transportation, energy, waste, water systems High population → more vulnerable but less emissions and ops for infrastructure

Answer 36

2000 - NYC water supply contamination → financial incentive to industrialists / farmers Smog → change to clean energy Seismic events → zoning and building codes Storm / flood risk → levees and sea walls; more infrastructure up Greanspace, sustainability plans

Answer 37

Lagos: coastal metacity, at risk of erosion, 2/3 people in slums Sea wall designed to stop erosion Eko Atlantic: eco-city planned behind sea wall, would benefit wealthy Govt should improve lives of people; project could increase erosion

Answer 38

Compaction: less space / stuff / sprawl, better transit Use renewables Conserve / reduce fossil fuels Treat waste locally Sufficient green spaces Reuse / reclaim land Active community involvement

Answer 39

99 env-friendly homes in south London, 2000-2002 Solar panels, insulation, renewable / recycled materials from nearby, close to transit Lower average space-heating requirements, hot water, water main, power, car mileage Expensive to build

Answer 40

$22 bil planned eco-city for 2030 in UAE All solar-powered, no cars, circulation via infrastructure Supported by US govt, Greenpeace who said more emphasis on existing things

Answer 41

Land area to provide people's resources: food, water, electricity, waste assimilation Based on population's consumption

Answer 42

High density → more land availability compared to spread areas Less needed infrastructure, resources

Answer 43

City Hall roof garden → cooler in summer, less sewer water, reduces heat island CCAP 2008 → reduced C02 → hybrid buses, light colored repaving when needed

Answer 44

83 megacities addressing climate change Goals: Improving public / personal transport Efficient outdoor lighting Reliable and efficient infrastructure and water Retrofit offices/homes to be efficient

Answer 45

Cable-car system linking El Alto and La Paz, Bolivia; 85-90% use public transit Bogotá, Colombia bus system specifically accessible for low-income communities Helsinki and Hamburg becoming car free, greenspace and transit / people power Venice and The Medina of Fez el Bali (Fez, Morocco) are car-free

Answer 46

Investments in social and human capital, physical infrastructure, info / comm / tech → sustainability and high quality of life Performs well in: economy, env, people, living conditions, governance, mobility

Answer 47

2005 started brand-new smart city; LEED certified, sensors and tech, zoned to become international business hub Songdo has greenspace, ways to reduce emissions / resources, etc Cheongna (finance) and Yeongjong (logistics) also in free economic zone