URBANISATION - Urban Policy

Question 1

Urban policy

Answer 1

Urban policy relates to the stratergies chosen by local or central govt to manage the development of central areas and to reduce urban problems
Regeneration has been a key element of urban policy in the uk since the 1980s
Whilst early stratergies focused on top down economic regeneration, its subsequent polices have recognsised the need to adapt to a more hollistic approach tackling economic, social and enviromental problems from teh bottom up

Question 2

What are ALL the urban policies?

Answer 2

Urban Development Corporations
City Challenge
Enterprise zones
The inner city initiatives
European regional development
Single Regeneration budget
Local enterprise partnerships
Enflish partnerships
New homes bonys
Urban regneration companies
Regional development agencies

Question 4

Urban Development Corporation

1980s-1998

Answer 4

UDS created policies to ensure effective us eof land, develop indusry, provide soical housing and facilities and overall enhance the quality of dteriortaed areas Set up in the 1980s to regnerate inner city areas
Boards of udcs mostly made up of people from the local business community and were encouraged to spend money on buying land building infrastructure and marketing to attract private invesymet
Funding came direct from central govt

Question 5

What do UDCS do? Effective at doing?

Answer 5

UDCS are effective in attracting new businesses to run down areas and improving the enviroment of udcs areas
By mid 1990s udcs attracted 12billion in privaye sector investment and created 190k jobs nationally
The

Question 6

What have UDCS they achieved?

Question 7

Criticisms of UDCS?

Answer 7

However, the property led approach did little to tackle social problems
Local people complaiend they had little involvement in process and in LDDC locals did not tend to benefiy from yhe new housing and jobs created

Question 8

LDN

Example of UDCS

Answer 8

LONDON DOCKLANDS DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION
An urban developmeny corporation 1981 for redeveloping the east of London

Question 9

The city challenge

Answer 9

A scheme where cities had to compete with eachother for government regeneration grants
The cities with the best schemes were awarded the grants
This was a local authorised shceme which formed partnerships between the private sector local communties and the local authority
Stratergies focused on tackling social, economic and enviromental problems in the run down parts of the city
The fact that local authories had to bid for funding was judged to have resulted in more succesful regeneration schenes

Question 10

What do CC do?

Question 11

What have cc achieved?

Answer 11

1997 data revealed that the city challenge had improved over 40,000 homes, created 53k jons and reclaimed 2k hectares of derelict land

199

Question 12

Criticims of cc

Answer 12

However, resources were spread thinly over larhe areas which had previously recieved govt funding no longer recieved it because their bid was unsuccesfull

Question 13

Hulme

Example of cc?

Answer 13

Hulme city challenge partnership Manchester

Question 14

Enterprise zones

Answer 14

Specific areas of land with economic incentives sicj as tax breaks and governmemt support that aim to entice businessess to invest into an area that would benefit from business

Question 15

How many ez in UK?

Answer 15

EZ still exisist throughout the UK with 24 new zomes introduced in 2012 and another 18 in 2015

Question 16

Metro centre

Example of EZ?

Answer 16

The metro centre gateshed - an established enterprise zpne on an old industrial site a oiwer staron in whcih land was bought for jobs just 100k by sir john hall compamy launched om 1984 and opened in 1986

Question 17

The inner city initiatives

Answer 17

Inner city initiatives are several new bottom up shcemes have been employed in the UK where local community is encouraged to be apart of the regneration procesd and therefore benefit from it

Question 18

What are examples of ici?

Answer 18

CITY CHALLENGE, REGENERATION BUDGET, EUROPEAN FUNDING PROGRAM, all examples of where the soical impacts of development were considered alongside the economic impacts

Question 19

European regional developmeny fimd

Answer 19

An eu fund that went into regionas lagging behind
E.g. lots of old UK industrial cities
It provides funding to public and priavte bodies un all eu regions to reduce economic and social aid territial disparities

Question 20

Single regneration bidey

Answer 20

These budgets were apart of the bidding process that allowe countries to bid for a central pot of crush heldy the UK govt stated in 1997 with eelction of the laboour govt
**

Question 21

What does srb do?

Answer 21

This money was then distributed to winners who would spend the money locally improving run down inner city areas
The scheme was slightly different in that it pulled together several funding pots into one allowing the lcoal govt more control and say over how to spend the money

Question 22

Case study of SRB

Answer 22

The ouseburn Valley in newcastle owes its cultural housing regeneration to this regenerations cheme

Question 23

Local enterpise zones

Answer 23

Designed to forge an alliance between local businesses and the public sector via the local authority there were 38 local enterprise partnerships in total
Their role was to determine local priorities and job creation improve infrastructure amd raose workforce skills within the local area

Question 24

What do LEZ do?

Answer 24

The NE LEP wanetd to create 100,000 jobs in digital advanced manufacturting health and life sciences and energy by 2024

Question 25

An example of LEZ?

Question 26

English partnerships

Answer 26

A national regenerationa genecy that aimed to develop derelict land and underutilised urban areas english ps had certiain powers to enable regenration and developmeny The organisation could issue compulsory pruchase order wjocj means leand can be bought w/o consent of the owner They had responsibility and active role in revelopment the thames haye was amd expanding milton keynes In 2008 it ceased to eixist and powers

Question 27

Example of english partnership

Question 28

Urban regeneration companies

Answer 28

Private companies in the UK seek to achieve a radicial physical transformation off their area through major planning and coordinating finanical assiaynce to developers from public and private sector These companies play a crucial role in reutilising urban spaces fostering economic growth and enhancing the qol of residents

Question 29

Example of urc

Answer 29

New insinglington 2003

Question 30

# R Regional de

Question 31

Regional developmeny agencies

Answer 31

Labour focused on various regions across the uk via rdas they had to coordinate economic developmeny and regeneratoon across the region one north east

Question 32

Example of rda?

Question 33

New homes bonus

Answer 33

A grant paid by central government to local councils to reflect and incentive housing growth in their areas Based on the amount of extra council tax revenue paid for new builds homes, conversions and long term employ homes

Question 34

Example of new homes bonus

Question 35

LDDC reason?

Answer 35

* **1981** the London’s Docklands Development Corporation (LDDC) was set up to improve the economic, social and environmental problems that had developed in the area that was once one of the world’s busiest ports. * The area had been in **decline since the 1950’s**. This is because larger ships could no longer access the port. * **Unemployment soared**, the back to back terraced housing fell into disrepair and there was a lack of transport and leisure facilities. * The area became the **first Enterprise Zones in 1981**. The land was made rate free for ten years.

Question 36

Initial purpose of LDDC

Answer 36

Was used as an international shipping hub due to the access to skilled workers, good connections, flat land and the shelter from the north sea in this area. 1800-1930

Question 37

What was the effect of the global shift on LDDC?

Answer 37

Due to the global shift, these local industries of the london docklands got outsourced to other countries

Question 38

What was the initial growth of London Docklands?

Answer 38

1. In 1930, 35 million tonnes of cargo worth £700m was handled in the docklands with 55,000 ship movements. 2. In 1940 100,000 workers were employed in the docklands 3. 60 million tonnes of cargo handled in 1961

Question 39

Impact of WW2 on the docklands?

Answer 39

During WW2, there was a mass bombing of the docklands which resulted in 430 deaths and 1600 seriously injured, halting the economic activity in the area

Question 40

When did the docklands close?

Answer 40

1960-1980, the Docklands slowly closed due to outsourcing of industry and resulted in the loss of 150,000 jobs in the area

Question 41

What happened to the docklands?

Answer 41

* Attracted **£10 billion of private investment** and built **25,000** new homes * Area was made **tax free** for the **first couple of years** for residents to attract them

Question 42

# Employment, Housing, Lesiure, Transport What changes were made to the docklands with the regeneration shcene?

Answer 42

**Employment:** Low rents attracted a number of hi-tech and financial firms. This includes The Limehouse ITV studios and The Guardian and Daily Telegraph newspapers. **Housing:** Many of the former warehouses have been transformed into luxury flats. This is an example of gentrification. Low-cost housing has also been built along with the renovation of older council-owned properties. **Leisure:** A large shopping area was constructed close to Canary Warf. A number of parks have been created where buildings once stood. More recently the Millennium Dome was built in this area. **Transport:** London’s Docklands now has its own light railway. The Dockland Light Railway (DLR) connects with Bank and Monument underground stations. This makes travel into the City of London very easy.

Question 43

Positives of LDDC?

Answer 43

* Is now the financial hub of the UK and provides hugely towards the country's economy * Made an area that was barren and poor, rich and attractive

Question 44

Negatives of LDDC?

Answer 44

* 2007 the highest level of unemployment was recorded in the area while the avg salary was £100,000 * Gentrification due to sudden attractiveness of the area