Flashcards in Urinanalysis Deck (45)
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1
Define micurate
to urinate
2
Define polyuria
Excessive urine production
3
Define oliguria
Reduced urine output
4
Define anuria
Complete suppression of urine production
5
Define dysuria/stranguria
Painful or difficult urination
6
Define proteinuria
Protein in the urine
7
Define Urolithiasis
Uroliths/urinary crystals present
8
Define haematuria
Blood in the urine
9
Define glucosuria
Glucose in the urine
10
Name some urine sample collection methods
Natural urination (Free catch /litter tray)
Manual expression
Catheterisation
Cystocentesis
11
What equipment do you need for the free catch method?
Gloves
Commercial, sterile urine collection kit e.g. Uripet OR clean container e.g. Kidney dish
Clean, sterilised litter pan
Commercial, sterile, non absorbable cat litter e.g. Katkor
Sterile universal container
12
What are the advantages of the free catch method?
Non traumatic
Quick and easy
Cheap
Non invasive
Client can obtain sample if given correct instructions
13
What are the disadvantages of the free catch method?
Poor patient compliance (can be time consuming)
Mid steam sample difficult in female dogs
Sample contamination – non sterile
Only small amount of urine passed may result in insufficient sample obtained
Cat litter may become contaminated if the cat defaecates
14
What equipment do you need for manual expression?
Gloves
A form of restraint – Second helper, Manual aids, or sedative
Commercial, sterile urine collection kit e.g. Uripet OR clean container e.g. Kidney dish
Sterile universal container
15
What are the advantages of manual expression?
Relatively simple method of urine collection in an unconscious patient
Minimally traumatic if patient relaxed
Non invasive
Cheap if no requirement for sedation
16
What are the disadvantages of manual expression?
A non sterile sample will be obtained
Can be difficult to isolate bladder if insufficient urine or large abdomen
Strong resistance may be encountered in conscious patients
Risk of bladder rupture if undue pressure is exerted, or if urethral blockage is present
Can be distressing for patient
17
What equipment do you need for urinary catheterisation?
Sterile gloves
Assistant to restrain patient
Sterile 10-20ml syringe
Sterile water soluble lubricant
Adequately sized urinary catheter
A sedative may be required
Sterile container
18
What are the advantages of urinary catheterisation?
Bladder does not have to be distended to sample
Quick and easy technique in male patients
Other tests may be carried out on the bladder at the same time e.g. Radiographic contrast studies
19
What are the disadvantages of urinary catheterisation?
Causes discomfort to the patient so commonly carried out under sedation or GA, but can be performed conscious
Skilled technique that more difficult in female patients
Risk of urological infection
Risk of urethral or bladder wall damage
Although the external genital area and distal urethral opening are aseptically prepared, contamination of the sample will still occur
20
Describe cystocentesis
Gold standard method for sterile sampling
Aseptic introduction of needle through abdominal wall into bladder
MUST be performed by a vet as involves entering a body cavity
Commonly used in cats
Sedation is not commonly required
21
What equipment do you need for cystocentesis?
Electric clippers
Detergent scrub
e.g. Chlorhexidine
Surgical spirit
Sterile gloves
Sterile hypodermic needle
Sterile 10ml syringe
22
What are the advantages of cystocentesis?
Quick
Inexpensive, if sedation not required
Sterile sample
No urethral contamination
Infection uncommon
Preferred method for bacterial culture
23
What are the disadvantages of cystocentesis?
Can be stressful and painful for the patient
Sedation or GA may be required
Skilled technique, training required prior to performing
Risk of internal damage of the bladder or other organs
This technique can result in a false positive for haematuria
24
Describe urine storage and preservation
Label the sample immediately
Examine the sample within 30mins of collection
Refrigerate @ 4-8°c for no longer than 6 hrs
Urine can be frozen for delayed chemical analysis, but this process will destroy cellular content
Examine samples at room temperature
25
Example why preservation of urinary samples is vital
Bacteria growth will begin to occur as soon as the urine is voided, this will result in breakdown of urea and production of ammonia.
This process increases the urinary pH to alkaline, which leads to precipitation of phosphates within the sample.
Samples examined more than 30mins after collect may contain erroneous phosphate crystals (Struvites).
26
Name different types of preservatives and when you would use them
Boric acid (Red top) (0.5g/28ml urine, analyse within 8hrs) – culture
Tolulene - Chemistry
Formalin 10 % (1 drop to 2.5ml urine) - Cytology
Thymol (1mg/ml urine) - Chemistry
27
How long can urine preservatives prevent bacterial growth or chemical decomposition for?
up to 2 days
28
How should preserved samples be stored?
room temperature
29
What three properties should be looked at during an urinary examination?
Physical
Chemical
Microscopic
30
