URINARY SYSTEM

Question 1

the kidneys are situated at the level of the __________

Answer 1

T12 TO L3
VERTEBRAE

Question 2

the kidneys are situated against the dorsal body wall in a ___________

Answer 2

RETROPERITONEAL POSITION

Question 3

a medial indentation where several structures enter or exit the kidney

Answer 3

RENAL HILUM

Question 4

three protective layers enclose the kidney

Answer 4

• FIBROUS CAPSULE encloses each kidney
• PERIRENAL FAT CAPSULE surrounds the kidney and cushions against blows
• RENAL FASCIA is the most superficial layer that anchors the kidney and adrenal gland to surrounding structures

Question 5

three regions

Answer 5

• RENAL CORTEX
• RENAL MEDULLA
• RENAL PELVIS

Question 6

three regions

Answer 6

• RENAL CORTEX
• RENAL MEDULLA
• RENAL PELVIS

Question 7

each kidney contains approximately 1 to 1.5 million functional units
called _________

Answer 7

NEPHRONS

Question 8

makes up approximately 85% of
nephrons; they are responsible primarily for removal of waste products
and reabsorption of nutrients

Answer 8

CORTICAL NEPHRONS

Question 9

have longer loops of Henle that
extend deep into the medulla of the kidney. Their primary
function is the concentration of the urine

Answer 9

JUXTAMEDULLARY NEPHRONS

Question 10

renal functions:

Answer 10

▪ RENAL BLOOD FLOW
▪ GLOMERULAR FILTRATION
▪ TUBULAR REABSORPTION
▪ TUBULAR SECRETION

Question 11

blood enters the capillaries of the nephron through the __________

it then flows through the ________
and into the ___________

Answer 11

AFFERENT
ARTERIOLE

GLOMERULUS

EFFERENT ARTERIOLE

Question 12

blood from the efferent arteriole enters
the ___________

Answer 12

PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES AND THE VASA RECTA

Question 13

each nephron consists of two main structures:

Answer 13

1. RENAL CORPUSCLE
2. RENAL TUBULE

Question 14

renal corpuscle consists of:

Answer 14

• GLOMERULUS
• GLOMERULAR (BOWMAN’S) CAPSULE

Question 15

a knot of capillaries made of podocytes

Answer 15

GLOMERULUS

Question 16

is a cup-shaped structure that surrounds the glomerulus

Answer 16

GLOMERULAR (BOWMAN’S) CAPSULE

Question 17

the subdivisions of the renal tubule are:

Answer 17

1. PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE (PCT)
2. NEPHRON LOOP (LOOP OF HENLE)
3. DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE (DCT)

Question 18

water and solutes smaller than proteins are forced
through glomerular capillary walls

Answer 18

GLOMERULAR FILTRATION

Question 19

the peritubular capillaries reabsorb useful substances
from the renal tubule cell

Answer 19

TUBULAR REABSORPTION

Question 20

most reabsorption occurs in the _______

Answer 20

PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED
TUBULE

Question 21

reabsorption in reverse
/ some materials move from the blood of the peritubular
capillaries into the renal tubules to be eliminated in filtrate

Answer 21

TUBULAR SECRETION

Question 22

end product of protein breakdown

Answer 22

UREA

Question 23

results from nucleic acid metabolism

Answer 23

URIC ACID

Question 24

associated with creatine metabolism in
muscles

Answer 24

CREATININE

Question 25

contains everything that blood plasma does

Answer 25

FILTRATE

Question 26

is what remains after the filtrate has lost most of its water, nutrients, and necessary ions through reabsorption

Answer 26

URINE

Question 27

yellow color is normal and due to the pigment

Answer 27

UROCHROME

Question 28

solutes normally found in urine:

Answer 28

• SODIUM AND POTASSIUM IONS • UREA, URIC ACID, CREATININE • AMMONIA • BICARBONATE IONS

Question 29

slender tubes 25–30 cm (10–12 inches) attaching the kidney to the urinary bladder

Answer 29

URETER

Question 30

aids gravity in urine transport

Answer 30

PERISTALSIS

Question 31

stores urine temporarily

Answer 31

URINARY BLADDER

Question 32

triangular region of the urinary bladder base based on three openings

Answer 32

TRIGONE

Question 33

wall of the urinary bladder / three layers of smooth muscle collectively called _________

Answer 33

DETRUSOR MUSCLE

Question 34

thin-walled tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body by peristalsis

Answer 34

URETHRA

Question 35

involuntary and made of smooth muscle

Answer 35

INTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER

Question 36

sensitive cells in the hypothalamus that become more active in reaction to small changes in plasma solute concentration

Answer 36

OSMORECEPTORS

Question 37

prevents excessive water loss in the urine and increases water reabsorption

Answer 37

ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)

Question 38

helps regulate blood composition and blood volume by acting on the kidney

Answer 38

ALDOSTERONE

Question 39

most important trigger for aldosterone release

Answer 39

RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN MECHANISM

Question 40

most important trigger for aldosterone release / mediated by the _________

Answer 40

JUXTAGLOMERULAR (JG) APPARATUS

Question 41

causes vasoconstriction and aldosterone release

Answer 41

ANGIOTENSIN II

Question 42

are proton (H+) donors

Answer 42

ACIDS

Question 43

are proton (H+) acceptors

Answer 43

BASES

Question 44

three major chemical buffer systems:

Answer 44

1. BICARBONATE BUFFER SYSTEM 2. PHOSPHATE BUFFER SYSTEM 3. PROTEIN BUFFER SYSTEM

Question 45

mixture of carbonic acid (H2CO3) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)

Answer 45

BICARBONATE BUFFER SYSTEM

Question 46

respiratory rate can rise, and fall depending on changing blood pH to retain CO2 (decreasing the blood pH) or remove CO2 (increasing the blood pH)

Answer 46

RESPIRATORY MECHANISMS

Question 47

a bacterium, accounts for 80 percent of UTIs

Answer 47

ESCHERICHIA COLI (E. COLI)

Question 48

feeling that it is necessary to void

Answer 48

URGENCY

Question 49

frequent voiding of small amounts of urine

Answer 49

FREQUENCY

Question 50

need to get up during the night to urinate

Answer 50

NOCTURIA

Question 51

loss of control

Answer 51

INCONTINENCE

Question 52

common in males, often the result of hypertrophy of the prostate gland

Answer 52

URINARY RETENTION

Question 53

mucosa made of

Answer 53

TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM