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Urinary System Flashcards

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0
Q

what are the urinary organs?

A

kidneys, paired ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

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1
Q

Name 5 functions of the urinary system

A

rids body of N wastes
regulates water balance, electrolytes, and acid/base
produces renin-regulates BP
produces erythropoietin- stimulates RBC production
converts vitamin D to active form

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2
Q

location of the kidneys

A

against dorsal body wall , beneath the parietal peritoneum, in the superior lumbar region

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3
Q

dimensions of a kidney

A

12 cm long, 6 cm wide, 3 cm thick

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4
Q

the medial indentation of the kidney

A

hilus/hilum

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5
Q

sits a top kidney

A

adrenal gland

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6
Q

fibrous membrane that encloses each kidney

A

renal capsule

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7
Q

fatty mass that surrounds each kidney and holds it in place

A

adipose capsule

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8
Q

outer region of inside of kidney

A

renal cortex

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9
Q

deeper region of inside of kdney

A

renal medulla

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10
Q

triangular regions of kidney

A

medullary/renal pyramid

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11
Q

points to inner region of kidney

A

apex of each pyramid

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12
Q

cortex like tissue that separates pyramids

A

renal columns

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13
Q

medial to hilus and continuous w ureter

A

renal pelvis

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14
Q

extensions of pelvis, form cup shaped areas that enclose tips of pyramids

A

calyces

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15
Q

how much blood passes through kidneys each minute

A

quarter of the bodys supply

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16
Q

trace blood supply through the kidney

A

renal artery divides into segmental arteries, inside pelvis, break up into lobar arteries,
interlobar arteries pass through cortex
arcuate arteries split off at the junction fo the medulla and cortex, and curve over medullary pyramids
interlobular/cortical radiate arteries branch off and supply cortex to nephron to
interlobular veins to arcuate veins to interlobar veins to renal vein

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17
Q

functional unit of kidney (millions); forms urine product

A

nephron

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18
Q

2 main structures of the nephron

A

glomerulus, renal tube

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19
Q

glomerulus is a

A

knot of capillaries

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20
Q

its end is enlarged and surrounds glomerulus

A

renal tube

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21
Q

end of renal tube

A

glomerular/Bowman’s capsule

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22
Q

inner layer of capsule, have long processes, forms a porous membrane around glomerulus

A

podocytes

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23
Q

___________twists around then forms hair pin loop, then coils again before entering collecting duct

A

tubule

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24
near glomerular capsule
proximal convoluted tubule
25
also called Loop of Henle
nephron loop
26
inner surface of tubule in _________ is covered with dense microvilli to increase surface area
proximal convoluted tubule
27
most nephrons are
cortical nephrons
28
close to cortex-medulla junction, w loop deep in medulla
juxtamedullary nephrons
29
run through medullary pyramids to calyces and renal pelvis
collecting ducts
30
two capillary beds w each nephron
glomerulus, peritubular
31
supplies glomerulus, lumen are large
afferent arteriole
32
receives from glomerulus, lumen are smaller
efferent arteroile
33
what does the high blood pressure in the glomerulus do ?
forces fluid and solutes out of blood into glomerular capsule
34
99% of filtrate is recaptured by renal tubule cells and returned to blood via
peritubular capillary bed
35
3 things about peritubular capillary beds
arise from efferent arteriole low pressure and porous vessels, adapted for absorption drain into interlobular veins
36
urine formation is from
filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
37
________ acts as a filter, nonselective passive process->
glomerulus, blood plasma wo proteins
38
If BP is too low in glomerulus, what will not fom?
filtrate
39
tubular reabsorption begins in
proximal convoluted tubule
40
tubbule cells take up substances from filtrate for absoption by
peritubular capillary bedd
41
tubular reabsorption is an active transport=
very selective specific carriers for recovered substances
42
no reabsorption for
N based waste products
43
maintains pH and electrolyte composition of blood
tubular reabsorption
44
most reabsorption occurs in
Proximal convoluted tubule, some in distal convoluted tubule
45
reabsorption in reverse-hyddrogen, K, and creatine move through tubule cells into filtrate for elimination
tubular secretion
46
blood composition depends on
diet, metabolism, and urine output
47
how much plasma is filtered every 24 hours and how much urine produced?
150 to 180 L, and 1 to 1.8 L
48
are recovered from filtrate before it reaches collecting ducts and becomes urine
nutrients, ions and water
49
excrete N wastes, maintain water balence, electrolyte balance and proper blood pH
kidneys
50
name 3 N wastes in the blood
urea, uric acid, creatinine
51
is formed by liver from protein break down
urea
52
is from metabolism of amino acids
uric acid
53
from creatine metabolism by muscle cells
creatinine
54
Nwastes are or are not reabsorbed from filtrate
NOT
55
creatine is
actively excreted
56
females are what percent water? males?
52, 63
57
waht fraction is intracellular and extracellular fluid
2/3 intracellular, 1/3 extracellular
58
name 6 body fluids
blood plasma, interstitial fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, serous fluid, eye humors, lymph
59
lack of what ions in extracellular fluid results in loss of water to tissues=> edema and muscle weakness
Na
60
what % of water intake is from metabolism?
10%
61
most water intake is from
food and drink
62
where is water lost?
lungs, perspiration, and stool
63
balance intake/loss of water
kidneys
64
a major factor regulating electolytes
kidneys
65
water/electolyte absorption is regulated by
hormones
66
blood loss reduces volume of kidney filtrate due to
decreased blood pressure
67
reduced BP causes pituitary gland to release
antidiuretic hormone, causes duct cells to reabsorb water
68
regulates content of sodium, chlorine, K, and Magnesium ions in extracelluar fluid
aldosterone
69
80% of Na is reabsorbed in the
proximal convoluted tubule
70
causes NaCl to be reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubule
aldosterone
71
__ is exchanged for __ as __ concentration in blood rises, __ concentration decreases as __ is reclaimed, water is also
Na, K Na, K Na
72
is most important trigger for release of aldosterone
renin-angiotensin mechanism
73
kidneys are most important mechanism for regulating blood pH by
excreting bicarbonate ions, or conserving bicarbonate ions
74
losing HCO3- = | gaining HCO3- =
gaining H+ | losing H+
75
urine pH ranges from
4.5-8
76
slender tubes that run from hilus of kidneys to bladder, carries urine from kidneys to urinary bladder
ureters
77
urine is propelled by
smooth muscle
78
superior end of ureter is continuous
w kidney
79
mucosa lining of ureter is continuous w
renal pelvis and urinary bladder
80
what prevents urine from re-entering ureteres?
valve like folds in bladder mucosa
81
4 things about urinary bladder
smooth collapsible muscular sac stores urine temporarily just posterior to pubic symphysis 2 openings for ureters and one for urethra
82
male gland surrounds neck of bladder at urethra
prostate
83
how many layers of smooth muscle is the bladder wall?
3
84
the detrusor muscle mucosa or inner layer of bladder wall is made of
transitional epithelium
85
the urethra moves urine by
peristalsis
86
at bladder-urethra junction, involuntary, keeps bladder closed
internal urethral sphincter
87
skeletal muscle, as urethra passes through pelvic floor, voluntary
external urethral sphincter

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