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SEM IV - Rad Pathology > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

(83 cards)

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0
Q

Kidney functions

A

Removes metabolic waste from blood (filters blood)
Maintains fluid/water levels
Regulates acid-base and electrolyte balance
Secretes substances that effect blood pressure

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1
Q

The urinary system includes

A

Two kidneys
Two ureters
One urinary bladder
One urethra

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2
Q

The kidneys produce

A

1-2 liters of urine each day

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3
Q

The left kidney is

A

Longer, narrower, and located higher than the right kidney due to the size of the liver causing displacement

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4
Q

The kidneys will drop about 2” when moving

A

From supine to the upright position

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5
Q

The average adult kidney is

A

4.5” long
2.5” wide
A little over 1” thick

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6
Q

Finestrations

A

Lintel holes

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7
Q

Glomerular filtration - blood flow through the kidneys

A

Renal artery ¥
Affarent arterioles ¥
Glomeruli ¥
Efferent arterioles

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8
Q

The glomeruli, glomerular capsule, and the convuluted tubules are located in the

A

Cortex of the kidney

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9
Q

The three steps in the formation of urine

A

Glomerular filtration of water, sugar, wastes, and salts
Tubular reabsorption of water, sugar, and some salts
Tubular secretion of acids, potassium, and drugs

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10
Q

The urinary system includes

A 
Calyces
 -minor
 -major
Renal pelvis
Ureter
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11
Q

Calyces are

A

Cup shaped recesses that receive urine from the collecting ducts

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12
Q

The smaller portions of the calyces are called

A

Minor calyces

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13
Q

Minor calyces unite to form a

A

Major calyx

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14
Q

The major calyces unite to form the

A

Renal pelvis

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15
Q

The renal pelvis exits the kidneys

A

And transitions into the ureter

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16
Q

The kidney contains

A 
Cortex
Medulla
Collecting system
Vasculature
Renal capsule
Hilum
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17
Q

Medulla

A

Collecting tubules for urine

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18
Q

Collecting system

A

Calyces and renal pelvis

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19
Q

Vasculature

A

Renal artery, renal vein

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20
Q

Renal capsule

A

Sac surrounding the kidneys

  • fibrous capsule
  • gerota’s capsule
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21
Q

The urinary system contains

A

2 ureters
Bladder
Ureteral valves
Urethra

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22
Q

Ureters enter the bladder along

A

The posterior wall

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23
Q

Ureteral valves

A

Allow one way flow of urine

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24
The female urethane is about 1.5" long and the males is about 7-8" long leading to
Increased UTI risk in females than males
25
The urinary bladder serves as a
Reservoir which holds about 500cc of urine
26
The numerous mucosal folds located within the urinary bladder are called
Rugae - used for bladder expansion
27
Trigone
Area of bladder formed by three openings: 2 ureters 1 urethra
28
Congenital
Born with
29
80% of kidney stones are
Radiopaque due to calcium content, they can be really small just 1-2mm but VERY painful
30
Urinary tract obstruction
Results in anatomic and functional changes Adults: calculi, tumors, strictures, enlarged prostate Children: congenital malformations
31
Hydronophrosis
Back up of fluid in the urinary system
32
Mass defects, stones, and a dilated urinary system are proximal to the blockage on xray
.
33
Simple cysts
Common unifocal masses either fluid filled or benign
34
Polycystic
Inherited disorder Multiple lobar cysts Kidney enlargement Renal impairment
35
Hypernephroma
Renal cancel most common in people 40+, originates in epithelium of renal cortex, bulging, enlargement or obstruction on xray
36
Renal cell carcinoma is commonly known as a
"Smokers cancer" due to the carcinogens in the blood being filtered through the kidneys and into the urine
37
Carcinoma of the bladder
Originates in bladder epithelium, commonly located in the trig one area, and is more common in men than women
38
Polypoid defects are projections into or out from the bladder wall on xray due to
Carcinoma of the bladder
39
Gerota's fascia
Layer of connective tissue encapsulating the kidneys and the supra renal glands
40
Detrusor muscles
Urinary bladder muscles that surround the bladder whose function is to contract and squeeze
41
Micturition
Urination, the act of passing urine
42
Nephrolith
Kidney stone
43
Nephrolithiasis
The process of forming a kidney stone; a stone in the kidney
44
Nephron
Microscopic structural and functional unit of the kidney
45
Afferent Arteriole
Carry blood toward the glomerulus
46
Efferent Arteriole
Carry blood away from the glomerulus
47
Glomerulus
Cluster of capillaries contained within the capsule of a nephron which serves as a blood filter membrane within the kidney
48
Bowmans capsule/glomerular capsule
Cup like sac at the beginning of the tubular component of a nephron that performs the first step in the filtration of blood from urine
49
Loop of henle
Portion of a nephron that leads from the proximal to distal convoluted tubule whose function is to create a concentration gradient in h medulla of the kidney
50
Renal cortex
The outermost portion of the kidney where the nephrons are located
51
Hilum
Area where vessels enter and leave
52
Calyx/calyces
Cup shaped recesses that receive urine from the collecting ducts; both minor and major
53
Renal pelvis
Large funnel shaped area at the center of a kidney where urine flows
54
Ureter
(2) very narrow tubes which conveys urine from the kidney to the bladder
55
Urethra
Tube that connects the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
56
Retrograde
Backward movement/flow
57
Antegrade
Forward movement/flow
58
Intravenous pyelogram (IVP)
Xray exam of the kidneys, bladder, and ureters used to evaluate injury, infection, blood in urine, stones, tumors, etc
59
Unilateral renal agenesis
Single kidney, a failure of embryonic development
60
Supernumerary kidney
Congenital presence of a third kidney which usually possesses a complete renal pelvis, ureter, and blood supply
61
Hypoplastic kidney
Congenital small, underdeveloped kidney; usually normal functioning
62
Ectopic kidney
Abnormally positioned kidneys which may be found in a variety of locations such as the pelvis or intrathoracic region
63
Horseshoe kidney
Most common type of fusion anomaly where the lower poles of the kidneys are connected by an isthmus, the anterior position of ureteral versus the medial
64
Duplication of kidney
Duplex kidney can be seen as a bifid renal pelvis that joins into a common ureter, can be a completely duplicated renal pelvis and ureter
65
Ureterocele
Prolapse of the distal ureter into the bladder; the "cobra head" appearance on xray
66
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammatory process involving the glomeruli, increased permeability resulting in "leakage" of blood cells and protein.
67
Glomerulonephritis appearance on xray
Reduced parenchymel tissue and increased kidney size
68
Pyelonephritis
Inflammation of kidney caused by pyogenic bacteria appearing on xray as a "calyceal" clubbing
69
Papillary necrosis
Destructive process involving medullary papillae and renal pyramids which can result in obstructions
70
Papillary necrosis appearance on xray
Tea cup appearance
71
Cystitis
Inflammation of the urinary bladder, deceased size and irregular bladder wall on xray, more common in women than men
72
Percunaneous nephrostomy
IR procedure in which a puncture is made into the renal pelvis to drain urine and to remove kidney stones
73
Lithotripsy
Procedure using shock waves to break up stones in the kidney, bladder and ureter
74
Hydronephrosis
Back up flow in the urinary system
75
Renal calculus
Kidney stone, most commonly radiopaque due to calcium
76
Staghorn calculus
Large kidney stone that grows and completely fills the renal pelvis, commonly appearing gestationally
77
Poly cystic kidney
Inherited disorder with multiple lobar cysts, kidney enlargement, and renal impairment
78
Hypernephroma
Renal cancer most common in people 40+, aka smokers cancer due to the carcinogens in the blood being filtered through the kidneys and into urine
79
Nephroblastoma
Most common abdominal neoplasm of infancy or childhood; a highly malignant tumor large in size displayed as downward and lateral displacement on xray
80
Hematuria
Blood in the urine
81
Polyuria
Excessive or abnormally large production or passage of urine
82
Oliguria
Reduced urine volume or low production of urine

SEM IV - Rad Pathology (6 decks)

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