Urogenital

Question 1

Reasons for castration

Answer 1

• preven breeding
• beh mod
• hereditary conditions
• testicular tumor
• infection
• torsion

Question 2

Standing castration sedatino

Answer 2

Xylazine/detomidine + butorphanol + local anesth (intra-testicular or sub Q

Question 3

Open tech

Answer 3

incision skin and vaginal tunic –> emasculatume cord –> also emasculatome/take out tunic –> close skin

Question 4

When to use open tech

Answer 4

• young

- breeds not predisposed to herniation

Question 5

Closed tech

Answer 5

• cut skin –> emasculatome –> close skin

Question 6

When to use closed

Cons of closed

Answer 6

• small testes chord

- less good hemostasis

Question 7

Modified closed tech

Answer 7

• cut skin –> open tunic to suture cord –> emasculatome off with tunic?

Question 8

Acute complications

Answer 8

• hemorrhage

- herniation/evisceration

Question 9

Hemorrhage compliation tx

Answer 9

• open –> ligate vessel

- if can’t find, pack and close for 24h

Question 10

Omentum herniation complication

• dx
• tx

Answer 10

• rectal palp
• if small amount, can pull out more to healthy tissue –> emasculatome off –> put back in
• large amount: sx

Question 11

Evisceration complication

• dx
• tx

Answer 11

• rectal palp may feel intestines coming

- Gen Anesth –> reduce –> abx, NSAID –> refer

Question 12

Delayed complications of castration

Answer 12

• excessive swelling

- infected/scirrhous cord

Question 13

Swelling complication

• cause
• tx

Answer 13

• lack of drainage

- abx, drainage, warm hydrotherapy, exercise

Question 14

Infected/scirrhous cord

• cause
• tx

Answer 14

• 2nd to hematoma, lack of drainage, bac infection (Staph, Strep)
• re-open wound –> drain –> abx, NSAID
• may have abd abscess or peritonitis (rare)
• if not improvement, sx

Question 15

Cryptorchidism location

Answer 15

• R > L
• R more freq inguinal
• L more abd

Question 16

Crypto dx

Answer 16

• external palp
• rectal palp
• US
• hormone assay (serum testoserone or estrogen)

Question 17

Crypto sx approaches

Answer 17

• inguinal laparotomy

- laparoscopy

Question 18

Diff btw indirect vs direct scrotal/inguinal hernia

Answer 18

• direct = intestines subQ in

- indirect = intestine goes into vaginal tunic with testicle

Question 19

Scrotal/inguinal hernia foal

• cause
• signs
• tx

Answer 19

• congenital +/- hereditary
• swelling of scrotum, non-painful
• not emergency, try to push back in and let ring close –> sx if fail

Question 20

Scrotal/inguinal hernia adults

• 2 possibilities and signs
• dx
• tx

Answer 20

• acute strangulation: acute colic, swelling in area
• intermitten non-strangulating: hindlimb lameness, swelling in area
• signs, palpation (scrotal and rectal)**, US
• sx: reduce –> close ext inguinal ring, castrate

Question 21

Penis/prepuce trauma tx

Answer 21

cold pack, pressure wrap, support against body wall, NSAID, abx

Question 22

Paraphimosis

• what
• tx

Answer 22

• inability to retract prolpased penis
• support, message, NSAID
• sx: remove scar tissue

Question 23

Phimosis

• what
• cause

Answer 23

• inability to protrude penis from prepuce

- sedative, congenital, neoplasia, scar tissue

Question 24

Priapism

• what
• causes
• tx

Answer 24

• persistent erection without sexual excitement
• sedatives, gen anesth, neoplasia –> anything changing CCP inflow/outflow
• medical: benztropine, CCP irrigation
• sx: partial phailectomy

Question 25

Neoplasia on prepuce and penis - type - dx - tx:

Answer 25

- SSC, sarcoids - biopsy - medical or sx (segmental posthectom=reefing, parital phallectomy,)

Question 26

Chronic granulomas on penis and prepuce - one cause

Answer 26

Habronema megastoma

Question 27

Uroperitoneum - what - who - cause - signs - BW - dx - tx

Answer 27

- urine in abd - newborn foals - ruptured bladder (birthing for foal), abscess, urinary obstruction - signs in foals: depressed, stranguria, abd distension - signs adult: peritonitis signs - incr PCV/TP, stress leukogram, incr creatinine, hypoNa, hypoCl, hyperK - xray, methylene blue dye, peritoneal tap (creatinine 2x blood) - med tx: fluids (+/- bicarb), abd drain, dextrose, +/-inslin - sx once stable

Question 28

Patent urachus - urachus normal role - cause - sign - tx --> for? - sx - prognosis

Answer 28

- collects urinary wates and empty to allantoic sac at apex of bladder - congenital, umbilical infection, straining, speticemia - swelling, urine through umbilicus - med tx for no systemic signs and no infection: cauterize, procaine penicillin - sx if systemic signs, infection, if conservative fails: resect umbilical cord and close bladder - good-fair

Question 29

C-section - indications - approach - post-op care

Answer 29

- non-correctable malposition (e.g. transverse pres), foal too large, deformities of foal or pelvis - midline celiotomy - oxytocin (retained placenta), abx, NSAID

Question 30

Uterine torsion - signs - dx - tx - post-op care

Answer 30

- 8-10m pregnant, low grade abd pain, vitals normal or elev - rectal palp: broad lig taut - standing flank laparotomy*, midline celiotomy, roll - abx, NSAID, IV fluids

Question 31

Ovariectomy - indication - sx approaches

Answer 31

- tumor, abscess, hematoma, elective | - copotomy, flank/ventral lap, laparoscope

Question 32

Most common ovarian tumor - hormone it produces - signs - malignancy - who

Answer 32

- Granulosa cell tumor - testosteron* > estrogen - stallion like beh, abd estrous cycle - benign - all ages

Question 33

Pneumovagina - patho - cause - sequelae - tx

Answer 33

- cd repro track fails to form proper seal --> air aspiration --> contamination of repro tract - foaling, breeding, poor conformation - decrease fertility - caslick's sx --> reopen for foaling

Question 34

Perineal laceration - cause - classification - tx

Answer 34

- trauma, foaling - 1=mucosa, 2=mucosa + subQ +/-m., 3=all layers - rectovaginal fistula=3 but most cd part fine - 1 and 2: Caslick's - 3 need 2 stage proceedure: reconstruct vagina ceiling+rectal floor --> resconstruct perineal body - RV fistula: convert to 3