Urothelial Carcinoma Flashcards
(38 cards)
another name for urothelial carcinoma
transistional cell carcinoma
investigations of frank haematuria
flexible cystourethroscopy, CT, USS
investigations of dipstick or microscopic haematuria
flexible cystourethroscopy and USS, but needed less urgently than in frank haematuria
risk of malignancy in over 50 y/o with dipstick or microscopic haematuria
5-10%
which type of haematuria has a greater risk of malignancy in over 50 y/o
frank
what is the most common neoplastic cause of haematuria
bladder TCC
what is an IVU
an intravenous urogram (aka intravenous pyelogram). injected with special contrast to show up kidneys and tract on an X-ray
problem with IVU and USS for diagnosing TCC
they miss a proportion of tumours
what risk factor is present in 40% of bladder TCC
smoking
risk factors of bladder TCC
smoking, aromatic amines?and non-hereditary genetic mutations in p53 and Rb
what parasite is a risk factor for squamous cell bladder cancer
schistosomiasis haematobium
what is cyclophosphamide therapy
chemotherapy
risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma
schistomiasis chronic cystitis chyclophosphamide pelvic radiotherapy adenocarcinoma
presentation of bladder cancer
haematuria (frank or microscopic) recurrent UTI storage LUTS bladder pain metastatic symptoms
investigations when presentation is haematuria
urine culture, urine cytology, cystourethroscopy and CTU/USS
what is CIS
carcinoma in situ: a very aggressive non-invasive tumour
what T grade is a tumour in the mucosal layer of the bladder
T1
what grades represent a tumour that has invaded the muscle wall and no further
stages 2 and 3
where does a T4 bladder TCC tumour invade to
outside bladder: prostate, vagina, uterus
what does M1 mean
the tumour has distant metastases
what does N0 mean
no lymph node spread
what does N1 mean
one regional lymph node spread
what does N2 mean
multiple lymph node spread in pelivs
risk of bladder TCC in frank haematuria in >50y/o
25-35%
