UT-1 Flashcards
APRENDER
1
Q
- The indication on the instrument display that represents the far boundary of the material being
tested is called:
a. grass or hash.
b. the initial pause.
c. the main bang.
d. the back-surface reflection.
A
d. the back-surface reflection.
2
Q
- In immersion testing, the position of the transducer is often varied by a manipulator to transmit sound
into the test part at various angles to the front surface. Such a procedure is referred to as:
a. angulation.
b. dispersion.
c. reflection testing.
d. refraction.
A
a. angulation.
3
Q
- The technical name for the cable that connects the ultrasonic instrument to the transducer is:
a. BX cable.
b. conduit.
c. coaxial cable.
d. ultrasonic conductor cable-grade 20.
A
c. coaxial cable.
4
Q
- The process of standardizing an instrument or device by using a reference standard is called:
a. angulation.
b. calibration.
c. attenuation.
d. correlation.
A
b. calibration.
5
Q
- Another name for a compressional wave is:
a. lamb wave.
b. shear wave.
c. longitudinal wave.
d. transverse wave.
A
c. longitudinal wave.
6
Q
- Another name for rayleigh waves is:
a. shear waves.
b. longitudinal waves.
c. transverse waves.
d. surface waves.
A
d. surface waves.
7
Q
- A material used between the face of a transducer and the test surface to permit or improve the transmission of ultrasonic vibrations from the transducer to the material being tested is called:
a. a wetting agent.
b. a couplant.
c. an acoustic transmitter.
d. a lubricant.
A
b. a couplant.
8
Q
- The piezoelectric material in a transducer that vibrates to produce ultrasonic waves is called a:
a. backing material.
b. plastic wedge.
c. crystal.
d. couplant.
A
c. crystal.
9
Q
- Ultrasonic testing of material where the probe is in direct contact with the material being tested may be:
a. water jet.
b. immersion testing.
c. air coupled.
d. straight beam testing.
A
d. straight beam testing.
10
Q
- An advantage of using lithium sulfate in transducers is that it:
a. is one of the most efficient generators of ultrasonic energy.
b. is one of the most efficient receivers of ultrasonic energy.
c. is insoluble.
d. can withstand temperatures as high as 700 °C (1260 °F).
A
b. is one of the most efficient receivers of ultrasonic energy.
11
Q
- The transducer shown in Figure 1 is used for:
a. surface wave testing.
b. angle beam testing.
c. immersion testing.
d. straight beam testing.
A
d. straight beam testing.
12
Q
- The transducer that contains the thinnest piezoelectric crystal is a:
a. 1 MHz transducer.
b. 5 MHz transducer.
c. 15 MHz transducer.
d. 25 MHz transducer.
A
d. 25 MHz transducer.
13
Q
- Penetration of ultrasonic waves in a material is normally the function of test frequency used. The greatest depth of penetration is provided by a frequency of:
a. 1 MHz
b. 2.25 MHz
c. 5 MHz
d. 10 MHz
A
a. 1 MHz
14
Q
- The amount of beam divergence from a crystal is primarily dependent on the:
a. type of test.
b. tightness of crystal backing in the transducer.
c. frequency and crystal size.
d. pulse length.
A
c. frequency and crystal size.
15
Q
- When an ultrasonic beam passes through the interface between two dissimilar materials at an angle, a new angle of sound travel takes place in the
second material due to:
a. attenuation.
b. rarefaction.
c. compression.
d. refraction.
A
d. refraction.
16
Q
- Figure 2 illustrates a contact test on a 203 mm (8 in.) aluminum block. A discontinuity is located 152 mm (6 in.) from the front surface. The display
representation for this is shown to the right. What does indication A represent?
a. The initial pulse or front-surface indication.
b. The first discontinuity indication.
c. The first back-surface reflection.
d. Baseline.
A
a. The initial pulse or front-surface indication.
17
Q
In Figure 2, indication B represents:
a. the initial pulse or front-surface indication.
b. the first discontinuity indication.
c. the first back-surface reflection.
d. baseline.
A
b. the first discontinuity indication.
18
Q
- In Figure 2, indication C represents the:
a. second back-surface reflection.
b. first discontinuity indication.
c. second indication of the discontinuity.
d. first back-surface reflection.
A
d. first back-surface reflection
19
Q
- In Figure 2, indication D represents the:
a. first discontinuity indication.
b. second indication of the discontinuity.
c. first back-surface reflection.
d. second back-surface reflection.
A
b. second indication of the discontinuity.
20
Q
- In Figure 2, indication E represents the:
a. first discontinuity indication.
b. second indication of the discontinuity.
c. first back-surface reflection.
d. second back-surface reflection.
A
d. second back-surface reflection.
21
Q
- The velocity of longitudinal waves is approximately ______ the velocity of shear waves in the same material.
a. two times
b. four times
c. 1/2
d. 9/10
A
a. two times
22
Q
- Figure 3 illustrates an immersion test of a 76 mm (3 in.) block of aluminum with a discontinuity
located 51 mm (2 in.) below the surface. The display pattern is shown also. What does indication A represent? Assume no sweep delay is used.
a. The first front-surface indication.
b. The initial pulse.
c. The first discontinuity indication.
d. The first back-surface reflection.
A
b. The initial pulse.
23
Q
- In Figure 3, indication B represents the:
a. first front-surface indication.
b. initial pulse.
c. first back-surface reflection.
d. first discontinuity reflection.
A
a. first front-surface indication.
24
Q
- In Figure 3, indication C represents the:
a. first front-surface indication.
b. first discontinuity indication.
c. first back-surface reflection.
d. second front-surface indication.
A
b. first discontinuity indication.
25
25. In Figure 3, indication D represents the:
a. first discontinuity indication.
b. first back-surface reflection.
c. second front-surface indication.
d. second discontinuity indication.
b. first back-surface reflection.
26
26. In Figure 3, the distance between indications A and B represents the:
a. distance from the front surface of the aluminum block to the discontinuity.
b. distance from the front surface of the aluminum block to the back surface of the aluminum block.
c. water distance from the transducer to the aluminum block.
d. 76 mm.
c. water distance from the transducer to the aluminum block.
27
27. Under most circumstances, which of the following frequencies would result in the best resolving power?
a. 1 MHz
b. 5 MHz
c. 10 MHz
d. 25 MHz
d. 25 MHz
28
28. Which of the following materials of the same alloy is most likely to produce the greatest amount of sound
attenuation over a given distance?
a. A hand forging.
b. A coarse-grained casting.
c. An extrusion.
d. The attenuation is equal in all materials.
b. A coarse-grained casting.
29
29. In contact testing, the entry surface indication is sometimes referred to as the:
a. initial pulse.
b. back reflection.
c. skip distance.
d. scan path.
a. initial pulse.
30
30. An ultrasonic instrument display pattern containing a large number of low-level indications (often referred to as grass or hash) could be caused by:
a. a crack.
b. a large inclusion.
c. coarse-grained material.
d. a gas pocket.
c. coarse-grained material.
31
31. A test method employing two separate transducers on opposite surfaces of the material being tested is
called:
a. contact testing.
b. surface wave testing.
c. through-transmission testing.
d. lamb wave testing.
c. through-transmission testing.
32
32. The number of complete waves that pass a given point in a given period of time (usually 1 s) is referred to as the:
a. amplitude.
b. pulse length.
c. frequency.
d. wavelength.
c. frequency.
33
33. The boundary between two different materials that are in contact with each other is called:
a. a rarefactor.
b. a refractor.
c. an interface.
d. a marker.
c. an interface.
34
34. When the motion of the particles of a medium is parallel to the direction of propagation, the wave being transmitted is called a:
a. longitudinal wave.
b. shear wave.
c. surface wave.
d. lamb wave.
a. longitudinal wave.
35
35. When the motion of the particles of a medium is transverse to the direction of propagation, the wave being transmitted is called a:
a. longitudinal wave.
b. shear wave.
c. surface wave.
d. lamb wave.
b. shear wave.
36
36. The number “25 million cycles per second” can also be stated as:
a. 25 kHz.
b. 2500 kHz.
c. 25 MHz.
d. 25 μHz.
c. 25 MHz.
37
37. Moving a transducer over a test surface either manually or automatically is referred to as:
a. scanning.
b. attenuating.
c. angulating.
d. resonating.
a. scanning.
38
38. A term used in ultrasonics to express the rate at which
sound waves pass through various substances is:
a. frequency.
b. velocity.
c. wavelength.
d. pulse length.
b. velocity.
39
39. When an indication has reached the maximum signal height which can be displayed or viewed on the display of an ultrasonic instrument, the indication is said to have reached its:
a. distance amplitude height.
b. absorption level.
c. vertical limit.
d. limit of resolution.
c. vertical limit.
40
40. An ultrasonic testing technique in which the transducer element is not parallel to the test surface is called:
a. angle beam testing.
b. immersion testing.
c. contact testing.
d. through-transmission testing.
a. angle beam testing.
41
41. In Figure 4, angle 1 (θ1) is called the angle of:
a. incidence.
b. reflection.
c. refraction.
d. diffraction.
a. incidence.
42
42. In Figure 4, angle 2 (θ2) is called the angle of:
a. incidence.
b. reflection.
c. refraction.
d. diffraction.
b. reflection.
43
43. In Figure 4, angle 3 (θ3) is called the angle of:
a. incidence.
b. reflection.
c. refraction.
d. rarefaction.
c. refraction.
44
44. Most commercial ultrasonic testing is accomplished using frequencies between:
a. 1 and 25 kHz.
b. 1 and 1000 kHz.
c. 0.2 and 25 MHz.
d. 15 and 100 MHz.
c. 0.2 and 25 MHz.
45
45. In an A-scan presentation, the horizontal baseline represents the:
a. amount of reflected ultrasonic sound energy.
b. distance traveled by the transducer.
c. elapsed time or distance.
d. signal amplitude.
c. elapsed time or distance.
46
46. In an A-scan presentation, the amplitude of vertical indications on the display represents the:
a. amount of ultrasonic sound energy returning to the transducer.
b. distance traveled by the transducer.
c. thickness of material being tested.
d. elapsed time since the ultrasonic pulse was generated.
a. amount of ultrasonic sound energy returning to the transducer.
47
47. Which of the following test frequencies would generally provide the best penetration in a 305 mm
(12 in.) thick specimen of coarse-grained steel?
a. 1 MHz
b. 2.25 MHz
c. 5 MHz
d. 10 MHz
a. 1 MHz
48
48. In a basic ultrasonic test pattern (A-scan) for contact testing (assuming no sweep delay is used), the initial pulse is:
a. the high indication on the extreme left side of the display that represents the entry surface of the inspected part.
b. the first pulse that occurs near the right side of the display and represents the opposite boundary of the inspected part.
c. an indication that appears and disappears during screening.
d. always the second pulse from the left on the viewing display.
a. the high indication on the extreme left side of the display that represents the entry surface of the inspected part.
49
49. An ultrasonic test using a straight beam contact transducer is being conducted through the thickness
of a flat part such as a plate. This test should detect:
a. laminar-type discontinuities with major dimensions parallel to the rolled surface.
b. transverse-type discontinuities with major dimensions at right angles to the rolled surface.
c. radial discontinuities with major dimensions along length but radially oriented to the rolled surface.
d. rounded discontinuities such as porosity
a. laminar-type discontinuities with major dimensions parallel to the rolled surface.
50
50. In ultrasonic testing, a liquid coupling medium between the crystal surface and the part surface is
necessary because:
a. lubricant is required to minimize wear on the crystal surface.
b. an air interface between the crystal surface and the part surface would almost completely reflect the ultrasonic vibrations.
c. the crystal will not vibrate if placed directly in contact with the surface of the part being inspected.
d. the liquid is necessary to complete the electrical circuit in the transducer.
b. an air interface between the crystal surface and the part surface would almost completely reflect the ultrasonic vibrations.
51
51. Near-surface resolution is a characteristic of an ultrasonic testing system that defines its ability to
detect:
a. discontinuities oriented in a direction parallel to the ultrasonic beam.
b. discontinuities located in the center of a forging containing a fine metallurgic structure.
c. minute surface scratches.
d. discontinuities located just beneath the entry-surface in the part being tested.
d. discontinuities located just beneath the entry-surface in the part being tested.
52
52. During ultrasonic testing by the immersion method, it is frequently necessary to angulate the transducer
when a discontinuity is located in order to:
a. avoid a large number of back reflections that could interfere with a normal test pattern.
b. obtain a maximum response if the discontinuity is not originally oriented perpendicular to the ultrasonic beam.
c. obtain the maximum number of entry surface reflections.
d. obtain a discontinuity indication of the same height as the indication from the flat-bottom hole in a reference block.
b. obtain a maximum response if the discontinuity is not originally oriented perpendicular to the ultrasonic beam.
53
53. All other factors being equal, the mode of vibration that has the greatest velocity is the:
a. shear wave.
b. transverse wave.
c. surface wave.
d. longitudinal wave.
d. longitudinal wave.
54
54. On the area-amplitude ultrasonic standard test blocks, the flat-bottom holes in the blocks are:
a. all of the same diameter.
b. different in diameter, increasing by 0.4 mm (0.016 in.) increments from the No. 1 block to the No. 8 block.
c. largest in the No. 1 block and mallest in the No. 8 block.
d. drilled to different depths from the front surface of the test block.
b. different in diameter, increasing by 0.4 mm (0.016 in.) increments from the No. 1 block to the No. 8 block.
55
55. In immersion testing, verification that the transducer is normal to a flat entry surface is indicated by:
a. maximum reflection from the entry surface.
b. elimination of water multiples.
c. proper wavelength.
d. maximum amplitude of the initial pulse.
a. maximum reflection from the entry surface.
56
56. A piezoelectric material can:
a. convert a longitudinal beam to a shear wave.
b. convert a mechanical energy to electrical energy.
c. create ionization in a test specimen.
d. produce sound waves in a coaxial cable.
b. convert a mechanical energy to electrical energy.
57
57. Sound waves of a frequency beyond the hearing range of the human ear are referred to as ultrasonic waves or vibrations, and the term embraces all
vibrational waves of frequency greater than approximately:
a. 2 kHz
b. 200 kHz
c. 20 000 Hz
d. 2 MHz
c. 20 000 Hz
58
58. The velocity of sound waves is primarily dependent on the:
a. pulse length.
b. angle of incidence.
c. material properties and wave type.
d. frequency.
c. material properties and wave type.
59
59. The primary purpose of reference blocks is to:
a. aid the operator in obtaining maximum back reflections.
b. obtain the greatest sensitivity possible from an instrument.
c. obtain a common reproducible signal.
d. properly tune the transducer
c. obtain a common reproducible signal.
60
60. When testing by the surface wave method, patches of oil or dirt on the surface may:
a. block the progress of all sound.
b. attenuate the sound.
c. have no effect on the test.
d. cause both an attenuation of sound and indications on the screen
d. cause both an attenuation of sound and indications on the screen
61
61. In immersion testing, the most commonly used couplant is:
a. water.
b. oil.
c. glycerine.
d. alcohol.
a. water.
62
62. The piezoelectric material in the transducer:
a. converts electrical energy into sound.
b. converts electrical energy into mechanical energy and mechanical energy into electrical energy.
c. eliminates the signal-to-noise energy.
d. produces high-speed electrons in metals.
b. converts electrical energy into mechanical energy and mechanical energy into electrical energy.
63
63. The shortest wavelength pulse is produced by a frequency of:
a. 1 MHz
b. 5 MHz
c. 10 MHz
d. 25 MHz
d. 25 MHz
64
64. The angle of incidence is:
a. greater than the angle of reflection.
b. less than the angle of reflection.
c. equal to the angle of reflection.
d. not related to the angle of reflection.
c. equal to the angle of reflection.
65
65. On many ultrasonic testing instruments, an operator
conducting an immersion test can remove that portion of the display presentation that represents
water distance by adjusting a:
a. pulse length control.
b. reject control.
c. sweep delay control.
d. sweep length control.
c. sweep delay control.
66
66. What is another way to express 100 000 cycles per second?
a. 0.1 kHz
b. 10 kHz
c. 100 kHz
d. 100 MHz
c. 100 kHz
67
67. Figure 5 is an illustration of a typical:
a. A-scan presentation.
b. B-scan presentation.
c. C-scan presentation.
d. D-scan presentation.
a. A-scan presentation.
68
68. Figure 6 is an illustration of a typical:
a. A-scan presentation.
b. B-scan presentation.
c. C-scan presentation.
d. D-scan presentation.
c. C-scan presentation.
69
69. Figure 7 is an illustration of a typical:
a. A-scan presentation.
b. B-scan presentation.
c. C-scan presentation.
d. D-scan presentation.
b. B-scan presentation.
70
70. a. a straight beam contact test of aluminum ingot.
b. an angle beam contact test of a steel pipe.
c. a surface wave contact test of a metallic plate.
d. an immersion test.
d. an immersion test.
71
71. The reference holes in standard aluminum area-amplitude ultrasonic test blocks contain:
a. flat-bottom holes.
b. concave-surface holes.
c. convex-surface holes.
d. conical-shaped holes.
a. flat-bottom holes.
72
72. The gradual loss of sonic energy as the ultrasonic vibrations travel through the material is referred to as:
a. reflection.
b. refraction.
c. reproducibility.
d. attenuation.
d. attenuation.
73
73. A term used to describe numerous small indications on the instrument display resulting from test part
structure, numerous small discontinuities, or both is
often referred to as:
a. multiple back reflections.
b. multiple front reflections.
c. grass or hash.
d. resonance.
c. grass or hash.
74
74. When testing a plate, increasing the frequency of an ultrasonic longitudinal wave results in:
a. an increase in its velocity.
b. a decrease in its velocity.
c. no change in its velocity.
d. a reversal in its velocity.
c. no change in its velocity.
75
75. Ultrasonic waves transmitted into and received from the test material in the form of repetitive bursts of
acoustic energy is called:
a. pulse echo testing.
b. continuous wave testing.
c. resonance testing.
d. through-transmission testing.
a. pulse echo testing.
76
76. Metal blocks, which contain one or more drilled holes or notches to simulate discontinuities, are called:
a. scrubbers.
b. crystal collimators.
c. single-plane angulators.
d. reference blocks.
d. reference blocks.
77
77. If the major dimensions of a discontinuity in a 152 mm (6 in.) thick aluminum plate lie parallel to
the entry surface at a depth of 76 mm (3 in.), it will be best detected by:
a. a straight beam test.
b. an angle beam test.
c. a surface wave test.
d. a lamb wave test.
a. a straight beam test.
78
78. The presence of a discontinuity will not produce a specific discontinuity indication on the ultrasonic
instrument display when using the:
a. straight beam testing method.
b. surface wave testing method.
c. angle beam testing method.
d. through-transmission testing method.
d. through-transmission testing method.
79
79. The depth of a discontinuity cannot be determined when using the:
a. straight beam testing method.
b. through-transmission testing method.
c. angle beam testing method.
d. immersion testing method.
b. through-transmission testing method.
80
80. When inspecting coarse-grained material, a sound wave is most easily scattered by the grain structure by
a frequency of:
a. 1 MHz
b. 2.25 MHz
c. 5 MHz
d. 10 MHz
d. 10 MHz
81
81. The thickest crystal is contained in a:
a. 1 MHz transducer.
b. 5 MHz transducer.
c. 15 MHz transducer.
d. 25 MHz transducer
a. 1 MHz transducer.
82
82. When performing a surface wave test, indications may result from:
a. improper frequency.
b. oil on the surface.
c. a surface discontinuity.
d. the acoustical velocity of aluminum.
c. a surface discontinuity.
83
83. Which of the following discontinuities located 152
mm (6 in.) from the entry surface results in the largest display indication if all factors except discontinuity surface condition and orientation are
the same?
a. 2 mm (0.08 in.) diameter flat-surfaced
discontinuity whose major face is at an angle of 75° from the direction of sound beam propagation.
b. 2 mm (0.08 in.) diameter rough-surfaced discontinuity whose major face is at an angle of
75° from the direction of sound beam
propagation.
c. 2 mm (0.08 in.) diameter flat-surfaced
discontinuity whose major face is perpendicular to the direction of sound beam propagation.
d. 2 mm (0.08 in.) diameter rough-surfaced discontinuity whose major face is parallel to the direction of sound beam propagation.
c. 2 mm (0.08 in.) diameter flat-surfaced
discontinuity whose major face is perpendicular to the direction of sound beam propagation.
84
84. Transducers constructed with a plastic wedge or stand off between the transducer element and the test
piece are commonly used:
a. for angle beam contact testing.
b. for immersion testing.
c. to eliminate the need for a couplant.
d. to reduce the speed of electrons.
a. for angle beam contact testing.
85
85. Sound can be focused by special curved adapters located in front of the transducer element. These
adapters are referred to as:
a. scrubbers.
b. acoustic lenses.
c. angle beam adapters.
d. single plane adapters.
b. acoustic lenses.
86
86. A test method in which the parts to be inspected are placed in a water bath or some other liquid couplant is called:
a. contact testing.
b. immersion testing.
c. surface wave testing.
d. through-transmission testing.
b. immersion testing.
87
87. A separate time baseline imposed on the viewing display of some ultrasonic testing instruments that
permits measurement of distances is often referred to as:
a. an initial pulse.
b. a time/distance line.
c. an electronic gate.
d. a sweep line.
c. an electronic gate.
88
88. A term used to describe the ability of an ultrasonic testing system to distinguish between the entry-surface response and the response of
discontinuities near the entry surface is:
a. sensitivity.
b. penetration.
c. segregation.
d. resolution.
d. resolution.
89
89. The phenomenon whereby an ultrasonic wave changes direction when the wave crosses a boundary
between materials with different velocities is called:
a. refraction.
b. reflection.
c. penetration.
d. rarefaction.
a. refraction.
90
90. In a test where the transducer is not perpendicular to the inspection surface, the angle of incidence is equal to:
a. the angle of refraction.
b. the angle of reflection.
c. the shear wave angle.
d. half the shear wave angle
b. the angle of reflection.
91
91. The product of the acoustic velocity of sound in a material and the density of the material is the factor that determines the amount of reflection or
transmission of ultrasonic energy when it reaches an interface. This is called:
a. acoustic impedance.
b. velocity.
c. wavelength.
d. penetration.
a. acoustic impedance.
92
92. In transmitting energy into the part shown in Figure 8, the ultrasonic beam will:
a. diverge (spread out) through the part.
b. converge (focus in to a point) through the part.
c. transmit straight through the part.
d. not enter the part
a. diverge (spread out) through the part.
93
93. Ultrasonic waves that travel along the surface of a material and whose particle motion is elliptical are called:
a. shear waves.
b. transverse waves.
c. longitudinal waves.
d. rayleigh waves.
d. rayleigh waves.
94
94. The interference field near the face of a transducer is often referred to as the:
a. fresnel zone.
b. acoustic impedance.
c. exponential field.
d. phasing zone.
a. fresnel zone.
95
95. When the incident angle is chosen to be between the first and second critical angles, the ultrasonic wave
mode within the part will be a:
a. longitudinal wave.
b. shear wave.
c. surface wave.
d. lamb wave.
b. shear wave.
96
96. The formula used to calculate the angle of refraction within a material is called:
a. Fresnel’s law.
b. Fraunhofer’s law.
c. Snell’s law.
d. Lamb’s law
c. Snell’s law.
97
97. In a material with a given velocity, when frequency is increased, the wavelength will:
a. not be affected.
b. increase.
c. decrease.
d. double.
c. decrease.
98
98. Circuits that electronically amplify return signals from the receiving transducer and often modify the
signals into a form suitable for display are called:
a. pulser circuits.
b. marker circuits.
c. timer circuits.
d. receiver-amplifier circuits.
d. receiver-amplifier circuits.
99
99. The most common type of data display used for ultrasonic examination of welds is:
a. an A-scan display.
b. a B-scan display.
c. a C-scan display.
d. an X-Y plot display
a. an A-scan display.
100
100. The display that plots signal amplitude versus time is
called:
a. an A-scan display.
b. a B-scan display.
c. a C-scan display.
d. a D-scan display
a. an A-scan display.
101
101. A circuit that modifies the return signal from the receiving transducer into a form suitable for display
on an oscilloscope or other output device is called a:
a. pulser.
b. receiver-amplifier.
c. clock.
d. sweep.
b. receiver-amplifier.
102
102. A circuit that generates a burst of voltage that is applied to the sending transducer is called:
a. a pulser.
b. a receiver-amplifier.
c. damping.
d. a clock.
a. a pulser.
103
103. A circuit that coordinates electronic operation of the
entire ultrasonic instrument system is called:
a. damping.
b. a receiver-amplifier.
c. a clock.
d. a power supply
c. a clock.
104
104. A plan view display or recording of a part under examination is called:
a. a C-scan display.
b. an A-scan display.
c. an X-axis plot.
d. a strip chart recording.
a. a C-scan display.
105
105. Ultrasonic data, which is presented in a form representative of the cross section of the test specimen, is called:
a. an A-scan presentation.
b. a B-scan presentation.
c. a C-scan presentation.
d. an X-Y plot.
b. a B-scan presentation.
106
106. What type of ultrasonic examination uses wheel-type
transducers that eliminate the use of a tank?
a. Through-transmission testing.
b. Contact testing.
c. Resonance testing.
d. Immersion testing.
d. Immersion testing.
107
107. In addition to other functions, a transducer manipulator in a mechanical immersion-scanning unit permits:
a. use of the through-transmission technique.
b. use of high scanning speeds.
c. detection of obliquely oriented discontinuities.
d. utilization of less skilled operators.
c. detection of obliquely oriented discontinuities.
108
108. A type of data presentation most likely to be used with a high-speed automatic scanning system is:
a. an A-scan presentation.
b. a velocity versus amplitude plot.
c. a C-scan presentation.
d. a plot of echo height versus depth.
c. a C-scan presentation.
109
109. The component in a conventional immersion system that spans the width of the immersion tank is called:
a. an articulator.
b. a bridge.
c. a manipulator.
d. a search tube.
b. a bridge.
110
110. The component in an ultrasonic immersion system that is used to adjust and maintain a known transducer angle is called:
a. a carriage.
b. a manipulator.
c. a search tube.
d. an index system.
b. a manipulator.
111
111. An amplitude type gate is necessary for all:
a. shear wave examinations.
b. longitudinal wave examinations.
c. automatic examinations.
d. manual examinations.
c. automatic examinations.
112
112. When a C-scan recording is used to produce a permanent record of an ultrasonic test, the information displayed is typically the discontinuity’s:
a. depth and size.
b. depth, orientation, and size.
c. location and depth.
d. location and size (plan view).
d. location and size (plan view).
113
113. Rough entry surface conditions can result in:
a. an increase in echo amplitude from discontinuities.
b. a decrease in the width of the front-surface echo.
c. a loss of amplitude from discontinuities.
d. a loss of material velocity
c. a loss of amplitude from discontinuities.
114
114. As the grain size increases in a material, its principal effect in ultrasonic testing is on the:
a. velocity of sound.
b. attenuation.
c. acoustic impedance.
d. angle of refraction.
b. attenuation.
115
115. In straight beam pulse echo testing, a discontinuity with a rough reflecting surface perpendicular to the
incident wave has what effect on the detected signal in comparison to a smooth flat-bottom hole of the
same size?
a. It increases the detected signal.
b. It decreases the detected signal.
c. It has no effect on the detected signal.
d. It decreases the width of the pulse of the detected signal.
b. It decreases the detected signal.
116
116. Which material can only transmit longitudinal waves?
a. Machine oil.
b. Aluminum.
c. Ice.
d. Beryllium.
a. Machine oil.
117
117. If the velocity of a longitudinal mode wave in a given homogeneous material is 0.625 cm/μs at 13 mm
(0.5 in.) below the surface, what is the velocity at 51 mm (2 in.) below the surface?
a. One-fourth the velocity at 13 mm (0.5 in.).
b. One-half the velocity at 13 mm (0.5 in.).
c. The same as the velocity at 13 mm (0.5 in.).
d. Three-fourths the velocity at 13 mm (0.5 in.)
c. The same as the velocity at 13 mm (0.5 in.).
118
118. What effect will replacing a 2.25 MHz transducer with a 5 MHz transducer have on the wavelength?
a. Make it longer.
b. Have no effect.
c. Make it shorter.
d. Increase it and the acousitc impedance.
c. Make it shorter
119
119. What can cause nonrelevant indications on the A-scan display?
a. Rectangular-shaped test specimens.
b. Setting a low pulse repetition rate.
c. Small grain structure of test specimens.
d. Edge effects.
d. Edge effects.
120
120. The proper interpretation and evaluation of the presented discontinuity signals are essential to any nondestructive test. A common method for the estimation of discontinuity size is the use of:
a. a double transducer test.
b. a piezoelectric standard.
c. mode conversion.
d. a reference standard.
d. a reference standard.
121
121. Another name for fresnel zone is:
a. zone.
b. near field.
c. far field.
d. torrid zone.
b. near field.
122
122. Attenuation is a:
a. test display characteristic.
b. test material parameter.
c. transducer characteristic.
d. form of testing.
b. test material parameter.
123
123. For discontinuity geometries other than flat, the echo amplitude is usually _________ from that observed
for a flat discontinuity, of similar orientation perpendicular to the sound beam.
a. identical
b. increased
c. decreased
d. elongated
c. decreased
124
124. To evaluate discontinuities that are oriented at an angle to the entry surface so that the sound beam
strikes the plane of the discontinuity at right angles, the operator must:
a. change the frequency.
b. grind the surface.
c. angulate the transducer.
d. increase the gain.
c. angulate the transducer.
125
125. The pulser circuit in an ultrasonic instrument is used to:
a. control the horizontal and vertical sweep.
b. activate the transducer.
c. control transducer timing between transmit and sweep.
d. generate markers that appear on horizontal sweep.
c. control transducer timing between transmit and sweep.
126
126. An A-scan display, which shows a signal both above and below the sweep line, is called:
a. a video display.
b. an RF display.
c. an audio display.
d. a frequency modulated display.
b. an RF display.
127
127. A B-scan display shows the relative:
a. distance a discontinuity is from the transducer and its through-dimension thickness.
b. distance a discontinuity is from the transducer and its length in the direction of transducer travel.
c. cross-sectional area of a discontinuity above a predetermined amplitude.
d. pulse height and time of arrival to produce a plan-view image.
b. distance a discontinuity is from the transducer and its length in the direction of transducer travel.
128
128. Surface (rayleigh) waves traveling on the top face of a block:
a. are not reflected from a sharp edge corner.
b. are reflected from a sharp edge corner.
c. travel through the sharp edge corner and are reflected from the lower edge.
d. are absorbed by a sharp edge corner
b. are reflected from a sharp edge corner.
129
129. Surface (rayleigh) waves are more highly attenuated by a:
a. curved surface.
b. heavy couplant.
c. thin couplant.
d. sharp corner.
b. heavy couplant.
130
130. The velocity of sound in a material is dependent upon the:
a. frequency of the wave.
b. wavelength.
c. material properties.
d. vibration cycle.
c. material properties.
131
131. To vary or change the wavelength of sound being used to test a part, change the:
a. sound wave frequency.
b. diameter of the transducer.
c. electrical pulse voltage.
d. pulse repetition rate.
a. sound wave frequency.
132
132. Ultrasonic vibrations are commonly used to:
a. support findings after visual inspection.
b. characterize grain structure.
c. detect discontinuities in multilayered structures having air gaps between layers.
d. perform volumetric examinations of ferrous and nonferrous materials.
d. perform volumetric examinations of ferrous and nonferrous materials.
133
133. Which of the following has the longest fresnel zone?
a. 13 mm (0.5 in.) diameter 1 MHz.
b. 13 mm (0.5 in.) diameter 2.25 MHz.
c. 28.5 mm (1.125 in.) diameter 1 MHz.
d. 38 mm (1.5 in.) diameter 2 MHz.
d. 38 mm (1.5 in.) diameter 2 MHz.
134
134. When contact testing, if the ultrasonic instrument is set with an excessively high pulse repetition
frequency:
a. the screen trace becomes too light to see.
b. the time-baseline becomes distorted.
c. the initial pulse disappears.
d. UT signals may overlap with the multiples of the backwall echoes.
d. UT signals may overlap with the multiples of the backwall echoes.
135
135. The advantages of immersion testing include:
a. portability.
b. reduced equipment needed.
c. low equipment and maintenance costs.
d. adaptability for automated scanning.
d. adaptability for automated scanning.
136
136. Longitudinal wave velocity in water is approximately one-fourth the velocity in aluminum or steel.
Therefore, the minimum water path should be:
a. four times the test piece thickness.
b. one-half the test piece thickness.
c. one-fourth the test piece thickness plus 6 mm (0.25 in.).
d. one-half the test piece thickness plus 6 mm (0.25 in.)
c. one-fourth the test piece thickness plus 6 mm (0.25 in.).
137
137. In immersion testing, a wetting agent is added to the water to:
a. adjust the viscosity.
b. help eliminate the formation of air bubbles.
c. prevent cloudiness.
d. aid in technician comfort.
b. help eliminate the formation of air bubbles.
138
138. The formula used to determine the fundamental resonant frequency is:
a. F = V/T.
b. F = V/2T.
c. F = T/V.
d. F = VT
b. F = V/2T.
139
139. If frequency is increased, wavelength:
a. decreases (becomes shorter).
b. increases (becomes longer).
c. remains the same but velocity increases.
d. remains the same but velocity decreases.
a. decreases (becomes shorter).
140
140. The variable in distance amplitude calibration block construction is the:
a. drilled hole size.
b. drilled hole point angle.
c. metal distance above the drilled hole.
d. angle of the drilled hole to block longitudinal axis.
c. metal distance above the drilled hole.
141
141. When setting up a distance amplitude correction curve using three flat-bottom holes, sometimes the
hole closest to the transducer gives less of a response than one or both of the other two. This could be caused by:
a. a hole that is too large.
b. near field effects.
c. impedance mismatch.
d. the acoustic velocity.
b. near field effects.
142
142. Ferrous and nonferrous welds may be ultrasonically tested using a frequency range of:
a. 25-100 kHz
b. 200-500 kHz
c. 2-5 MHz
d. 3-6 MHz
c. 2-5 MHz
143
143. The product of the material density and the velocity of sound within that material is referred to as:
a. acoustic impedance.
b. near field.
c. acoustic attenuation.
d. ultrasonic beam distribution.
a. acoustic impedance.
144
144. A straight beam contact transducer consists of:
a. a case, a crystal, wear plate, and backing.
b. a case, a crystal, backing, and a plastic wedge.
c. a case, a crystal, backing, and acoustic lenses.
d. a case, a crystal, a mount, backing, a plastic wedge, and acoustic lenses.
a. a case, a crystal, wear plate, and backing.
145
145. In immersion testing, to remove the second water reflection from between the entry surface signal and
the first back reflection, you should:
a. increase the repetition rate.
b. decrease the frequency.
c. decrease the sweep length.
d. increase the water path.
d. increase the water path.
146
146. For a given incident angle, as the frequency of the transducer increases, the refracted angle:
a. increases.
b. decreases.
c. stays the same.
d. cannot be determined.
c. stays the same.
147
147. Both longitudinal and shear waves may be simultaneously generated in a second medium when the angle of incidence is:
a. between normal and the first critical angle.
b. between the first and second critical angles.
c. past the second critical angle.
d. only at the second critical angle.
a. between normal and the first critical angle.
148
148. Penetration of ultrasonic waves in a material is normally the function of test frequency used. The greatest depth of penetration is provided by a frequency of:
a. 1 MHz
b. 2.25 MHz
c. 5 MHz
d. 10 MHz
a. 1 MHz
149
149. Refracted energy assumes a new direction of propagation when the _________ is changed.
a. principal angle
b. reflected angle
c. critical angle
d. incident angle
d. incident angle
150
150. The loss of energy as it propagates through material is the result of beam:
a. interference.
b. attenuation.
c. absorption.
d. reflection.
b. attenuation.
151
151. In selecting a suitable couplant, which of the following characteristics would not affect the selection?
a. Mode of propagation desired.
b. Material surface finish and temperature.
c. Operating frequency of the transducer.
d. Chemical properties of the couplant.
c. Operating frequency of the transducer.
152
152. Excessive surface roughness of the material being tested can cause:
a. a loss of echo amplitude from discontinuities within the material.
b. reduced acoustic velocity.
c. increased acoustic velocity.
d. increased back-surface response.
a. a loss of echo amplitude from discontinuities within the material.
153
153. Reference or calibration standards are used for:
a. determining phase shift analysis.
b. providing a method for standardizing the test system.
c. determining tensile strength.
d. measuring vibrations.
b. providing a method for standardizing the test system.
154
154. The change in direction of an ultrasonic beam when it passes from one material to another material in
which elasticity and density differ is called:
a. reflection.
b. rarefaction.
c. angulation.
d. refraction.
d. refraction.
155
155. If a discontinuity is oriented at an angle other than 90° to the sound beam, the results may be a:
a. loss of signal linearity.
b. loss or lack of signal reflected from the discontinuity.
c. focusing of the sound beam.
d. loss of interference phenomena.
b. loss or lack of signal reflected from the discontinuity.
156
156. A device that transforms electrical pulses into mechanical and vice versa utilizes:
a. Snell’s law.
b. piezoelectric principles.
c. mode conversion principles.
d. particle motion principles.
b. piezoelectric principles.
157
157. Whenever an ultrasonic incident angle is set at 5° from normal in water:
a. the refracted wave is mode converted.
b. the refracted wave is the same mode as the incident wave.
c. the refracted wave in steel has two components, one of which will be the same mode as the incident wave.
d. it is impossible to determine mode(s) of a refracted wave without more information.
c. the refracted wave in steel has two components, one of which will be the same mode as the incident wave.
158
158. If a discontinuity is located in the fresnel or near-field region of a sound beam:
a. the larger the discontinuity, the larger the amplitude of the reflected signal.
b. the closer to the surface the discontinuity is located, the larger will be the amplitude of the reflected signal.
c. in immersion testing, the amplitude of the signal increases as the water path decreases.
d. in immersion testing, the amplitude of the reflected signal may increase or decrease as the water path decreases.
d. in immersion testing, the amplitude of the reflected signal may increase or decrease as the water path decreases.
159
159. If a transducer is vibrating at a frequency and injecting ultrasonic energy through water into a steel
specimen:
a. the sound wavelength is the same in both the water and the steel.
b. the sound frequency in the water is less than the sound frequency in steel.
c. the sound wavelength is not the same in both the water and the steel.
d. the sound frequency in the water is greater than the sound frequency in steel.
c. the sound wavelength is not the same in both the water and the steel.
160
160. When a longitudinal sound wave strikes a water-steel interface at an angle of incidence of 15° (see Figure 9):
a. all the sound energy is reflected back into the water at an angle of 15°.
b. part of the sound energy is reflected at 15° and part is refracted into the steel at an angle of less than 15°.
c. part of the sound energy is reflected at 15° and part is refracted along the water-steel interface.
d. part of the sound energy is reflected at 15° and part is refracted into the steel at an angle greater than 15°
d. part of the sound energy is reflected at 15° and part is refracted into the steel at an angle greater than 15°
