Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Reproduction > Uterine Pathology > Flashcards

Uterine Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

At what age does endometrial carcinoma incidence peak?

A

50-60 y/o

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Endometrial cancer is extremely uncommon in women aged under __?

A

40

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are Type 1 endometrial carcinomas?

A

Endometroid and mucinous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

80% of endometrial carcinomas are Type __?

A

Type 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What three genes are often associated with endometrial carcinoma’s (type 1)

A

PTEN
KRAS
PIK3CA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where do type 1 endometrial cancers typically infiltrate?

A

The myometrium

Usually confined to the uterus at presentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What phenotype of endometrial cancers have a really good prognosis and why?

A

Mucinous phenotype

Often discovered at grade 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the standard treatment/management for Type 1 endometrial carcinomas

A

Surgery
- Hysterectomy
Adjuvant chemo/radiotherapy may be included

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When is a hysterectomy not appropriate for Type 1 Endometrial carcinoma/s

A

If the tumour has invaded the serosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a known risk factor for endometrial carcinomas and why?

A

Obesity

Inflammatory effect of unopposed oestrogen on the adipose tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What hormone is strongly associated with endometrial carcinomas?

A

Oestrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What DNA feature should you look for in Type 1 endometrial carcinomas

A

Microsatellite instability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What impact does obesity have on insulin action?

A

Insulin binding globulins lowered

Free insulin levels increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What impact does insulin-like growth factors (IGF) have on the endometrium

A

Proliferative effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is another name for Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colorectal Cancer

A

Lynch Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is significant about women who suffer from Lynch syndrome (HNPCC)

A

They have an increased risk of developing endometrial and ovarian carcinomas

17
Q

Mechanism of Lynch Syndrome (HNPCC) inheritance

A

Autosomal Dominant

18
Q

Post menopausal women do not respond o oestrogen levels increasing. true/False

A

False

Increased oestrogen will lead to hyperplasia of endometrial tissue in women pre and post menopause

19
Q

What endometrial tumours account for roughly 20% of all endometrial tumours?

A

Type 2

Serous and Clear cell

20
Q

How are endomtrial serous cell tumours characterised pathologically

A

complex papillary/glandular architecture

Marked nuclear polymorphism

21
Q

Mutations/overexpression of what gene are often associated with Type 2 endometrial carcinomas?

A

TP53

22
Q

Why are precursor lesions in serous endometrial carcinoma’s particularly serious?

A

Despite being pre malignant, they are intra-epithelial. Therefore they can grow and spread along the surface of the endometrium and travel up the fallopian tubes and invade the peritoneal surfaces

23
Q

Type 2 endometrial tumours are ____ aggressive than type 1?

A

More

24
Q

What are the management options for type 2 endometrial carcinomas?

A

Much more extensive surgery
- Hysterectomy, oophorectomy, salpingectomy etc
Adjuvant chemo-radiotherapy required

25
Q

What can occur if endometrial tumours breach the serosa?

A

They fall into the pouch of Douglas and become extrauterine

26
Q

Clear cell tumours of the endometrium are the same as clear cell tumours of the kidney. True/False

A

False

27
Q

What type of endometrial carcinomas are not formally graded?

A

Serous and Clear cell

28
Q

What type of endometrial tumours have an extremely poor prognosis?

A

Carcinosarcomas and Mixed tumours
e.g. Malignant mixed Mullerian tumour
contains both stromal and epithelial elements

29
Q

Define leiomyoma:

A

Smooth muscle tumour (aka fibroid) which is very common

Associated with menorrhagia and infertility

30
Q

What carcinoma is extremely rare and associated with spindle cell morphology?

A 
Leiomyosarcoma 
Poor prognosis (even if confined to uterus)
31
Q

What is the survival rate of a leiomyosarcoma?

A

15-25% 5 year survival

32
Q

If a carcinosarcoma contains _______ components, this is the worst possible prognosis

A

Rhabdomyosarcoma components

33
Q

List some presenting symptoms for uterine fibroids:

A 
(May be asymptomatic)OR
Menorrhagia
Pelvic Mass
Pain and tenderness
'Pressure' symptoms
34
Q

What ethnicity are uterine fibroids more common in?

A

Afro-Caribbean population

35
Q

What investigations should you do for fibroids?

A

Hb if heavy bleeding
USS is diagnostic
MRI if requiring precise location

36
Q

Treatment options for fibroids:

A 
Only if necessary/symptomatic
Myomectomy
Uterine Artery embolization
Hysteroscopic Resection
Hysterectomy if needed
37
Q

List 4 causes of tubal swelling:

A

Ectopic Pregnancy
Hydrosalpinx
Pyosalpinx
Paratubal Cysts

Reproduction (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions