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UTIs Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three defense mechanisms of the UI tract?

A
  1. Low pH
  2. Urea content
  3. Flushing action
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2
Q

What are the symptoms of urethritis and cystitis? (4)

A

Dysuria
Hematuria
Frequency
Urgency

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3
Q

What are the symptoms of prostatitis?

A

LBP

Fever/chills

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4
Q

Is there a positive urine culture in prostatitis?

A

Yes

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5
Q

Is there a positive urine culture in urethritis? Cystitis?

A

Yes, and yes

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6
Q

Is there a positive urine culture in pyelonephritis?

A

Yes

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7
Q

What are the symptoms of pyelonephritis?

A

Flank pain
Fever
Dysuria, frequency, urgency

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8
Q

What is the complication of pyelo in prego?

A

Premature birth

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9
Q

Is there discharge associated with UTIs?

A

Nope

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10
Q

Urine cloudiness is indicative of what?

A

UTIs

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11
Q

How do you diagnose UTIs?

A
  1. WBC in urine (pyuria)
  2. Leukocyte esterase in urine
  3. Nitrite test
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12
Q

The presence of at least (BLANK) bacteria per field is indicative of UTIs? What does this correlate to?

A

one

Correlates to 100,000 CFU/ml

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13
Q

How many more times do women get UTIs compared to men?

A

10x

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14
Q

Does sex increase the risk for UTIs?

A

Yep

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15
Q

What common hospital procedure increases the risk for the development of a UTI?

A

Catheterization

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16
Q

Why do elderly men get UTIs more commonly than women?

A

Prostatitis, infected stones, BPH

Catheterization

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17
Q

Which two bacteria are community acquired UTIs usually caused by?

A

E.coli

Staph Saprophyticus

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18
Q

Do enteric bacteria have LPS usually? Are they anaerobics?

A

Yes

Facultative anaerobes

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19
Q

What gram stain is enterobacteriaceae? Where are these usually found? Oxidase result?

A

Gram negative

Normal flora of the GI tract

Oxidase negative

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20
Q

What are the virulence factors for the enterobacteria?

A

endotoxin
capsule
Flagella

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21
Q

True or false: E.coli is part of the normal flora of the intestine

A

True

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22
Q

The difference in the degree of virulence of different strains of e.coli are correlated with what?

A

Plasmid acquisution

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23
Q

What are the adhering bits of e.coli?

A

Fimbrae or pili

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24
Q

What percent of UTIs are caused by E.coli?

A

80-95%

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25
What is the reservoir of E.coli that cause UTIs?
Intestinal flora
26
What are the three virulence factors for E.coli?
Adhesins (pili) Hemolysins Endotoxins
27
What is the function of hemolysin that e.coli carry?
Lyses RBCs
28
Which type of pili do e.coli have? What do these bind to on epithelial cells?
Type 1 | binds to mannose
29
What are the pili on subpopulations of E.coli that bind to sugar residues specifically on uroepithelial cells?
P-pili
30
How do you differ strep and staph?
Catalase
31
Is staph motile? Do they form spores?
no
32
Which staph is coag positive? Which are not?
``` Positive = Staph Aureus Negative = S. Epiderm, S. Saprophyticus ```
33
How does Staph Saprophyticus cause disease (virulence factor)?
hemagglutinin/adhesin
34
What is the abx that S. Saprophyticus is resistant to?
Novobiocin
35
What is the significance of the biofilm that staph. saprophyticus produces?
Better colonization of catheters
36
What are the three major nosocomial UTI infection pathogens?
Klebsiella Proteus Pseudomonas
37
What is the gram stain and morph of proteus mirabilis?
gram negative
38
What are the virulence factors of proteus?
Urease
39
How does proteus increase the pH in the urinary tract? What can this cause?
Urease produces ammonia This may cause renal stones via Mg and Ca precipitation
40
What is the significance of the biofilm that proteus produces?
better colonization of catheters
41
What is the treatment for Proteus mirabilis infections?
TMP-SMX
42
What is the morphology and gram stain of pseudomonas aeruginosa? Oxidase result?
gram negative aerobic rod Oxidase positive
43
Does pseudomonas ferment?
Nope
44
Where can pseudomonas grow?
Wherever water is
45
Is pseudomonas an opportunistic pathogen?
Yep
46
Is pseudomonas motile?
Yes
47
A blue-green culture is indicative of what bacteria?
Pseudomonas
48
What is the treatment for pseudomonas caused UTIs?
Multiple abx courses
49
What is the gram stain and catalase result for enterococcus? Morph?
Gram positive cocci | Catalase negative
50
Can enterococcus grow in bile? What is the significance of this?
Yes, this can be utilized to differentiate between this and E.coli
51
Is enterococcus sensitive to optochin?
No
52
What about enterococcus makes it hard to treat?
Very abx resistant
53
What are the risk factors for enterococcus?
treatment with broad spectrum abx and catheterization
54
What is asymptomatic bacteriuria? Who is this usually found in? Would you treat this?
Significant bacteriuria without symptoms Old people get this No treatment required
55
What three situations would you treat asymptomatic bacteriuria?
1. Prego women 2. Prior to urologic survey 3. Renal transplant
56
What is the treatment for uncomplicated cystitis?
Trimethoprim/sulfmethaoxazomle
57
What is the treatment for pyelonephritis? (gram negative and gram positive are different)
Fluoroquinolones for gram negative | Amox for gram positive
58
What are the drugs for asymptomatic bacteriuria?
Amox Cephalexin Nitrofurantoin
59
What are the three major clinical diseases that enterococcus causes?
1. UTIs 2. Peritonitis 3. Endocarditis
60
In what part of the urine stream should urine samples be caught?
Midstream
61
Why does DM increase the chances of a UTI?
More sugar in the urine
62
What are the two major problems with treating enterobacteriaceae infections?
1. Antigenic mutation of K and H antigens | 2. Abx resistance
63
What chemical do Enterobacteriaceae need to survive?
Fe
64
How do you differentiate between shigella/salmonella and E.coli?
Lactose fementation
65
Is Staph. Saprophyticus coagulase positive or negative?
Negative
66
What is the test that differentiates Staph Saprophyticus from other staph species? What is the result of this test?
Novobiocin test, should be resistant
67
True or false: Staph Saprophyticus can cause asymptomatic UTIs
True
68
How do you differentiate between Enterococcus and strep?
Enterococcus grows in high salt/bile
69
Nitrite in the urine is specific for which bacteria?
E.Coli
70
Is pseudomonas oxidase positive or negative?
Oxidase positive

Microbio (50 decks)

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