Vaccination Flashcards
(37 cards)
Why did MMR vaccination decline?
MMR scare the level of vaccination declined, more cases of diseases. Andrew Wakefield had no ethical approval to collect samples from children, no declared conflict of interest, funded by parents of autistic children. Falsification of data
What cells mainly mediate adaptive immunity. What cell type initiates this
B and T lymphocytes mediate adaptive immunity. DCs are needed to initiate an adaptive immune response.
How do antibodies mediate humoral immunity
Abs mediate humoral immunity through neutralisation, opinisation and complement activation.
What Ig is important for humoral immunity against bloodborne pathogens.
IgG
What Ig is important for humoral immunity against mucosal pathogens
IgA
What are the 5 ways immunological memory confers long term lasting protection
More responder cells available – higher than naïve cells
More efficient antigen recognition/activation – may not need costimulatory signals
Rapid and effective migration to tissues and lymph nodes
More effective function, more cytokines and abs
Longer lasting, memory cells last longer
Outline opsonisation
Fc receptor binds to Fc region of Ab-Antigen complexes
Phagocytosis of complex
T cells help which cell proliferate
B cell
T and B cells have to recognise the same antigen, but does it need to be the same part
no
B cells present peptides to T cells for them to release cytokines, on what MHC class
Class II
What CD interaction is there between CD4+ T cells and B cells
CD40L/CD40 (respectively)
Vaccines against viruses should promote what immune response
What cell type is is mediated through
Vaccines for viruses should ideally promote Cytotoxic-T cell lymphocyte mediated immune response.
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes recognise peptides on what MHC class
MHC class I
What activates DC maturation
Danger signal, mosty; recognised by TLRs
TLR4 recognises
LPS
TLR9 recognises
Unmethylated CpG
Define adjuvant
Directly or indirectly provide signal to promote DC activation or other responses
What are alum adjuvants made of
Precipitate of aluminium hydroxyphosphate
How alum adjuvants work?
Actives the inflammasome, causes neutrophil inflitration and DAMP release. Increased DC migration to lymph node. Alum promoted humoral immunity, but its poor at activating cell mediated immunity.
Describe what MF59 is and how it works
- An oil-in-water adjuvant that uses squalene
- Induces monocyte recruitment to injection site and DAMP release
- Increases: dendritic cell migration to lymph nodes and increases co-stimulatory molecule expression
- Licensed for use in humans and is used in influenza vaccines
Describe the AS04 adjuvant system
- AS04 combines alum with monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL)
- MPL is an endotoxin like molecule that may act via TLR4, but less toxic than LPS
- MPL increases co-stimulatory molecule expression
- Used in Cervarix, a human papilloma virus cervical cancer vaccine
Why is LPS not used as an adjuvant, whats better?
LPS could be used as an adjuvant, but can cause a cytokine storm, MPL in AS04 is better
Does route of administration determine the immune response
YES
SARS-CoV2 spikes bind onto what on the target cell membrane
ACE-2
