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Immuno Final > Vaccination > Flashcards

Vaccination Flashcards

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1
Q

The goal of vaccination is attending to stimulate the adaptive immune system to creat what?

A

memory

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2
Q

For memory killer T cells, Infected cell must present the antigen on what?

A

MCH I

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3
Q

For memory helper T cells APC must present antigen on what?

A

MCH II

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4
Q

What cells can be produced efficiently even when no immune system cells have been infected by the attacker?

A

Memory B and Memory Helpter T cells

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5
Q

Most vaccines are believed to confer protection through what?

A

Neutralizing antibodies

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6
Q

Both antibody and T cell responses seem to depend on what?

A

The innate immune system

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7
Q

Does disease always lead to immunity?

A

No

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8
Q

What kind of vaccine is a weakened version of the pathogen that mimic the kind of protective immunity induced in people who survive live infection?

A

Like attenuated

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9
Q

What are some examples of like attenuated vaccines?

A

Smallpox, yellow fever, measles, mumps, chicken pox.

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10
Q

What are the other different kinds of vaccines besides live attenuated vaccines?

A

Subunit, toxioid, CHO, and conjugate vaccines.

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11
Q

What is an example of a subunit vaccine?

A

Vaccine against recombinant hepatitis B

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12
Q

What is an example of toxoid vaccines?

A

Inactivated toxins against diphtheria tetanus

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13
Q

What is an example of a CHO vaccine ?

A

Vaccine against pneumococcus

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14
Q

What is an example of a conjugate vaccine?

A

Vaccine against haemophilus infulezae type B or meningococcus

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15
Q

What can regulate the persistence of the germinal center memory B cell differentiation pathway?

A

TLR triggering

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16
Q

What enhances the survival rage of plasma cells in the bone marrow?

A

Basophils

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17
Q

What my provide instructive cues for migration of actiavated T and B cells to mucosal tissues?

A

Innate programming of DCs

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18
Q

What may regulate the differentiation of antigen specific T and B cells at mucosal sites?

A

Macrophages

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19
Q

Non infectious vaccines will cause the body to make what?

A

Memory B and helper T cells

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20
Q

Non infectious vaccines do not cause the production of what kind of cell?

A

Memory killer T

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21
Q

Non infectious vaccines are designed not to do what to the host?

A

NOT kill host

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22
Q

What are some examples of killed examples?

A

Common flu, typhoid, pertussis

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23
Q

What is an example of a chemical used to kill microbes in non infectious vaccines?

A

Formaldehyde

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24
Q

What is used as a bacterial toxin in non infectious vaccines?

A

Aluminum

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25
What are to examples of bacterial toxins diseases ?
Diphtheria and tetanus
26
What diseases are examples of non infectious vaccines that get rid of the harmful portions of the pathogen that causes that dangerous effects?
Acellular pertussis vaccine, hep B, or HPV vaccine
27
What cells are the result of live attenuated vaccines?
Memory B cells, memory helper T cells, MEMORY KILLER T CELLS.
28
Name an example of a live attenuated vaccine?
Sabin polio vaccine
29
Carrier vaccines present microbe protein fragments on what?
MCH I
30
What help stimulate the immune system increasing its response to the vaccine? It should enhance the magnitude and modulate the quality of the immune response.
Adjuvant
31
Adjuvants cause mild inflammation which attracts________, and accelerates what two things?
Phagocytosis, accelerates phagocyte activation and antigen presentation to T cels
32
What adjuvants are Th2 antibodys > ?
Alum, MF59
33
What are the classical cytokines that are made in response to Th1 helper T cells?
TNF, INF-y, IL-2
34
Th1 helper T cells are in response to what kind of attack?
Viral or bacterial
35
Th2 helper T cells are in response to what type of attack?
Parasitic or food contaminated with pathogenic bacteria
36
What is the response to Th2 helper t cells?
IL-4, IL-5, IL-13
37
What causes B cells to make IgA?
IL-5
38
What causes the simulation off mucus in the intestine?
IL-13
39
What recharges natural killer cells?
IL-2
40
What keeps the macrophages active?
IFN-Y
41
What tells b cells to make IgG3?
INF-y
42
What is Thimerosal?
Mercury containing preservative used in some vaccines
43
What is the only thing that thimerosol is still used in?
Some influenza vaccines
44
Alum generally indicates what kind of response?
TH2
45
Alum exerts a direct effect on what?
IL-4 producing Gr-1 expression
46
Aluminum adjuvants induce what?
Chemokines, macrophages, noncytes, granulocytes
47
What is the main stimulus for MICROGLIAL ACTIVATION?
IL-1Beta
48
What is a squalene based oil in water emulsion ?
MF59
49
Aluminum causes what to things?
Inflammation and anemia
50
What is the most abundant metal on earth?
Aluminum
51
In healthy subjects only _______% of orally administered aluminum is abused via the GI tract
0.3
52
What is the major route of eliminating aluminum from the body ?
Kidney
53
Iv given intravenously, aluminum is retained in_____% in adults, and _______% in neonate?
40 in adults, 75 in neonates
54
What are the 3 antacids that contain aluminum?
Equate, Maalox, mylanta
55
Does food in the stomach or water quality affect oral ALuminum bioavailability ?
No
56
High amounts of aluminum exposure are associated with what?
Autism (ASD)
57
Is haemophilus influenzae type b disease common or not?
Not common
58
Is Pneumococcal disease (Pc Vaccine) common?
Yes, its non infectious, most current vaccine is Prevnar 13
59
Is the meningococcal vaccine common?
NO, non infectious
60
Is Diphtheria (DTaP vaccine) common?
No, non infectious
61
Is Tetanus common? (DTaP vaccine)
Not common and non infectious
62
Is Pertussis (DTaP) common?
Yes, non infectious
63
Is hepatitis B common?
No, non infectious
64
Is rotavirus common?
yes, and it is an infectious live vaccine
65
Is polio common?
No, no causes in us since 1985, non infectious
66
Is measles common?
No, infectious alive vaccine but weakened.
67
Is mumps common?
No, infect us alive, but weak vaccine.
68
What vaccine if a pregnant female gets it, it can cause birth defects?
Rubella
69
Is rubella common?
No, infectious alive, but weak
70
Is varicella common?
Yes, infectious, live weaker virus
71
Is hep A common?
No, non infectious
72
Is HPV common?
Yes, non infectious.
73
Is influzena common?
Yes, 4 main types, millions cases a year
74
What are the 4 types of influenza vaccines ?
Whole virus, subunit inactivated, split inactivated, live attenuated
75
What influenza vaccines have mercury?
Fluzone, fluLaval, Fluvirin, and Afluria
76
What are the influenza A serotypes?
16 H, 9 N
77
What is a independent nonprofit organization?
Cochran collaboration
78
What is the Cochrane review ?
Extensive evidence of reporting bias of safety outcomes from trails of life attenuated influenza vaccines impeded meaningful analysis
79
According to the Cochran review influenza vaccines were associated with serious harms such as?
Narcolepsy and febrile convulsions
80
What is a side of effect of flu vaccine?
Febrile seizures
81
At times do placebos include the adjuvant and other parts of the vaccine?
Yes
82
What are cells of the nervous system that do not conduct nervous impulses?
Glial cells
83
What are macrophages of the brain?
Microglia
84
Can microglia be activated in response to stimuli ?
Yes
85
What is the most abundant cell of the human brain?
Astrocytes
86
What are some functions of astrocytes?
Structural, nutrition to other cells, give off regulatory molecules, help control brain blood flow, aid oligodendrocytes in myelination, nervous system repair and long term potentiation
87
Microglia and astrocytes are sites of preferential _______Accumulation ?
Aluminum
88
Microglia and astrocytes are principal sources of ______and impure cytokines in the brain?
Glutamate
89
What limits excitotoxic damage by clearing access glutamate?
Astrocytes
90
What two things are associated with immunocitotoxicity?
Inflammatory cytokines, excitatory molecules (glutamate)
91
What two events are regulated by microglia ?
Pro inflammatory cytokine release, release of excitatory amino acids, particularly glutamate
92
What are vicious killers when hyperactivated?
Macrophages
93
What is it called when you lower the number of susceptible members of a population, vaccination decreases the natural reservoir of infected individuals in that population and so reduces the probability of transmission of infection
Heard immunity
94
When the pool of unvaccinated individuals grows above threshold where infectious organism still persists, what happens to herd immunity?
Its effectiveness is reduced
95
In herd immunity does vaccination equal immunity ?
No
96
What kind of outbreaks have occurred in highly vaccinated population ?
Measles

Immuno Final (5 decks)

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