Vertebral Column Flashcards
(73 cards)
1
Q
What are the functions of the vertebral column?
A
- Muscle attachment
- Mobility
- Protection of spinal cord
- Weight transfer
- Haematopoiesis
2
Q
What are the regions of the vertebral column and how many vertebrae are found in each?
A
- 7 Cervical
- 12 Thoracic
- 5 Lumbar
- 5 Sacrum (fused)
- 4 Coccyx (fused)
3
Q
What are primary and secondary curvatures?
A
- Primary curvatures are similar to what is seen in the foetal position when the embryo has one kyphotic curvature
- Secondary curvatures occur as the back extends out from the foetal position
- Primary curvatures are retained in the thoracic and sacral region and secondary curves form in the cervical and lumbar
4
Q
What are the curvatures of the vertebral column?
A
- Cervical - Lordosis
- Thoracic - Kyphosis
- Lumbar - Lordosis
- Sacral - Kyphosis
5
Q
What is highlighted?
A
Spinous process
6
Q
What is highlighted?
A
Transverse processes
7
Q
What is highlighted?
A
Superior articular process
8
Q
What is highlighted?
A
Inferior articular process
9
Q
What is highlighted?
A
The lamina
10
Q
What is highlighted?
A
Pedicles
11
Q
What vertebrae is shown?
A
C1 - Atlas
12
Q
What makes the shape of C1 unique?
A
It has no body or spinous process
Made up of anterior and posterior arches, each with a tubercle
13
Q
What do the superior articular surfaces of C1 articulate with?
A
The occipital condyles
14
Q
What vertebrae is shown?
A
C2 - Axis
15
Q
What is highlighted?
A
The dens/odontoid process of C2
16
Q
Describe the cervical vertebrae C3-C7
A
Body - Uncinate process
Transverse Process - Has transverse foramen and also anterior and posterior tubercles for the spinal nerve to pass in between
Spinous process - Bifid
17
Q
What vertebral level is the shown vertebrae from and what passes through the highlighted structure?
A
Cervical vertebrae from C3-C7
Vertebral artery passes through the transverse foramen to the skull
18
Q
From which vertebral region is this vertebrae?
A
Thoracic
19
Q
Describe the features of the thoracic vertebrae?
A
- Costal facets for articulation of ribs
- Nearly vertical articular facets which are directed posteriorly and anteriorly
- Long, sloping spinous process
20
Q
From what vertebral region is this vertebrae from?
A
Lumbar
21
Q
Describe the features of the lumbar vertebrae?
A
- Large kidney bean shaped body
- Accessory process on each transverse process
- Mamillary process on each superior articular process
- Articular facets are directed posteromedially and anterolaterally
22
Q
What is shown and from what view?
A
Sacrum from posterior aspect
23
Q
What is highlighted and what forms this structure?
A
The median crest of the sacrum
Formed by spinous processes
24
Q
What is highlighted and what forms it?
A
Lateral sacral crest
Transverse processes
25
What is highlighted and what forms it?
Intermediate sacral crest
| Articular processes
26
What is highlighted?
Coccygeal cornu
| rudimentary articular processes
27
What are the joints of the vertebral column?
Between vertebral bodies- Intervertebral discs (secondary cartilaginous)
Between articular processes - Facet/Zygopophysial joint (plane)
28
What structure of the intervertebral disc is highlighted?
Nucleus Pulposus
29
What structure of the intervertebral disc is highlighted?
Annulus Fibrosis
30
What are the 2 broad categories of extrinsic muscles of the back?
Superficial extrinsic muscles - connect to appendicular skeleton
Intermediate extrinsic muscles - superficial respiratory muscles
31
What muscle is shown and what is its innervation?
```
Trapezius
Spinal Accessory (CN XI)
```
32
What are the attachments of the trapezious?
Medial 1/3 of superior nuchal line, nuchal ligament, spinous process of C7-T12
To the Lateral clavicle, acromion and spine of scapula
33
What is this muscle and its innervation?
```
Latissimus Dorsi
Thoracodorsal nerve (C6-8)
```
34
What are the attachments of the Latissimus Dorsi?
Spinous processes T7-12, Thoracolumbar fascia, Iliac crest and lower 3/4 ribs
To edge of the bicepital groove of humerus
35
What are the attachments of Rhomboid major?
Spinous processes T2-5
To medial border of scapula (spine - inferior angle)
36
What are the attachments of Rhomboid major?
Spinous processes T2-5
To medial border of scapula (spine - inferior angle)
37
What are the attachments of Rhomboid minor?
Nuchal ligament, Spinous processes C7, T1
To medial end of the spine of scapula
38
What muscles are shown and what is their innervation?
Rhomboids major and minor
| Dorsal scapular nerve (C4,5)
39
What muscle is highlighted and what is its innervation?
Levator scapulae
| Cervical nerves C3,4 and dorsal scapular nerve (C4,5)
40
What is the attachments of the levator scapulae?
Posterior tubercles of transverse processes C1-4
To medial border of scapula above the spine
41
What is highlighted and what is its innervation?
Serratus Posterior Superior
| Intercostal nerves 2-5
42
What muscle is highlighted and what is its innervation?
Serratus posterior inferior
| Anterior Rami T9-12
43
What are the attachments of serratus posterior superior?
Nuchal ligament, spinous processes C7-T3
To superior borders of ribs 2-4
44
What are the attachments of serratus posterior inferior?
Spinous processes T11-L2
To inferior borders of ribs 8-12 near angle
45
What are the roles of the intrinsic muscles of the back and their innervation?
The deep muscles
- Maintain posture and control movements of the vertebral column
- Posterior rami of spinal nerves
46
What are the layers of the intrinsic muscles of the back?
Superficial - Splenius muscles
Intermediate - Erector Spinae group
Deep - many small muscles
47
What muscle is shown?
Splenius capitis
48
What muscle is shown?
Splenius Cervicis
49
What are the attachments of splenius cervicis and capitis
Nuchal ligament and spinous processes of C7-T3/4
- Capitus fibres to mastoid process and lateral 1/3 superior to nuchal line
- Cervicis fibres to tubercles of transverse processes C1 - C3/4
50
Name the erector spinae muscles from lateral to medial
Iliocostalis
Longismus
Spinalis
51
What is the common proximal attachment of the erector spinae muscles?
Posterior iliac crest
Posterior sacrum and sacroiliac joints
Spinous process of sacral and lower lumbar vertebrae
Supraspinous ligament
52
What muscle is highlighted?
Iliocostalis
53
What are the 3 parts of the iliocostalis?
Lumborum
Thoracic
Cervicis
54
Where does the iliocostalis attach?
Angles of the lower ribs
| Cervical transverse processes
55
What muscle is shown?
Longismis
56
What are the parts of the longismis muscle?
Thoracic, cervicis and capitis
57
What are the attachments of the longismis?
Ribs between the tubercles and angles
Thoracic and cervical transverse processes
Mastoid process
58
What muscle is shown?
Spinalis
59
What are the parts of the spinalis muscle?
Thoracic, cervicis and capitis parts
60
What are the attachments of the spinalis?
Upper thoracic spinous processes
| Cranium
61
What are some of the deep intrinisc muscles of the back?
- Semispinalis
- Multifidus
- Rotatores
- Levator Costarum
- Interspinale
- Intertransversari
62
What muscle is highlighted?
Semispinalis
63
What are the parts of the semispinalis muscle?
Thoracic, cervicis and capitis parts
64
What are the attachments of the semispinalis muscle?
Transverse processes of C4-T12
- Occipital bone
- Thoracic and cervical spinous processes
65
What muscle is shown?
Multifundus
66
In what region is the multifundus at its thickest?
Lumbar
67
Describe the fibres of the multifundus?
Pass superomedially to the spinous processes 2-4 vertebrae above
68
What muscles are highlighted?
Rotatores
69
In what region are the rotatores best developed?
Thoracic region
70
Describe the fibres of the rotatores
Pass superomedially to junction of the lamina and transverse process 1 or 2 vertebrae above
71
What muscle is seen and in what region is it found?
Levator Costarum
| Found in the thoracic region
72
What muscles are highlighted and in what regions are they the best developed?
Interspinale
| Better developed in the cervical and lumbar regions
73
What muscle is highlighted and in what regions are they better developed?
Cervical intertransversarii
| Well developed in cervical and lumbar regions
