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Vertebral Column Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the vertebral column form?

A

The central axis of the skeleton and is centered in the MSP of the posterior trunk

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2
Q

What are the functions of the vertebral column?

A
  • Encloses and protect the spinal cord
  • Acts as a support for the trunk
  • Supports the skull superiorly
  • Provides attachment for the deep muscles of the back and ribs
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3
Q

What is the vertebral column composed of?

A

Small segments of bone called vertebrae

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4
Q

What lies between the vertebrae?

A

Discs of fibrocartilage that act as cushions

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5
Q

In early life, how many bones does the vertebral column consist of?

A

33 bones

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6
Q

In adulthood, how many bones does the vertebal column consist of?

A

24 bones called true vertebra
Fused sacrum
Coccyx
(26 total)

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7
Q

What are the five groups of bones that make up the vertebral column?

A
  • Cervical
  • Thoracic
  • Lumbar
  • Sacrum
  • Coccyx
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8
Q

How many bones are part of the cervical spine?

A

7 bones

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9
Q

How many bones are part of the thoracic spine?

A

12 bones

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10
Q

How many bones are part of the lumbar spine?

A

5 bones

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11
Q

How many bones are fused together to form the sacrum?

A

5

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12
Q

How many bones are fused together to form the coccyx?

A

3-5

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13
Q

How many curves of the spine can be viewed from the side?

A

4 curves, which are all named for the region of the spine they occupy

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14
Q

What are the two categories of curves of the spine?

A

Lordotic curves
Kyphotic curves

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15
Q

Which regions of the spine are considered lordotic?

A

Cervical and Lumbar

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16
Q

What direction do lordotic curves lie?

A

Convex anteriorly

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17
Q

What regions of the lumbar spine are considered kyphotic?

A

Thoracic and pelvic

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18
Q

What direction do kyphotic curves lie?

A

Concave anteriorly

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19
Q

Why are the thoracic and pelvic curves called primary curves?

A

Because the curves are present at birth

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20
Q

Why are the cervical and lumbar spines called secondary curves?

A

Becasye the develop after birth

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21
Q

When does the cervical curvature form?

A

When infants begin to hold their head up at 3-4 montsh

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22
Q

When does the lumbar curve form?

A

When children begin to walk at 1 year

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23
Q

What is an abnormal increase in the anterior concavity called?

A

Kyphosis

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24
Q

What is an abnormal increase in the anterior convexity called?

A

Lordosis

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25
What is the general width of the spine?
Width gradually increases from second cervical vertebrae to the sacrum, then decreases sharply
26
What is abnormal lateral curvature of the spine called?
Scoliosis
27
What are typical vertebrae composed of in the spine?
Two main parts - anterior mass (body) - posterior ringlike portion (vertebral arch)
28
What do the vertebral body and arch enclose?
A space called the vertebral foramen
29
What are the vertebral bodies separated by?
Intervertebral discs, which form cartilaginous intervertebral joints
30
What does each disc contain?
A central mass of soft, puply, jelly material called the nucleus pulposus, surround by a fibrocartilage disc called the annulus fibrosus
31
If the pulpy nucleus were to herniate and impinge on the spinal nerve what is it called?
HNP - herniated nucleus pulposus
32
What is another name for HNP?
Slipped disk
33
Where does HNP most commonly occur?
Lumbar region as a result of poor body mechanics Cervical region as a result of trauma
34
What is the vertebral arch formed by?
Two pedicles and two laminae
35
What do the pedicles and laminae support?
Four articualar processes, two transverse process and one spinous process
36
How do the pedicles project?
Project posteriorly, one from each side of the vertebral body
37
What doe the articulations of the vertebrae above and below form?
Intervertebral foramina, which transmit spinal nerves and blood vessesls
38
How do the laminae project?
Posteriorly and medially from the pedicles
39
Where do the transverse processes project from?
The junction of the pedicles and the laminae
40
What are the four articular processes covered in?
Fibrocartilage which are called facets
41
What are the articulations bewtween the articular processes of the vertebral arches and intervertebral joints called?
Zygaphohyseal joints
42
What vertebrae of the cervical spine are considered atypical?
C1, C2 and C7
43
What is the first cervical vertebra called?
Atlas
44
What is the shape of the Atlas?
Ringlike structure with no body and very short spinous process
45
What does the Atlas consist of?
Anterior arch, posterior arch, two lateral masses and two transverse processes
46
What does the anterior portion of the Atlas ring receive?
The dens of C2
47
What is the second cervical vertebrae called?
Axis
48
What is the key feature of the Axis?
A strong conical process that arises from the upper surface of its body, called the dens or odontoid process
49
What is the name of the seventh cervical vertebrae?
Vertebral prominens, which is a long prominent spinous process that extends horizontally
50
What are unique features of the cervical vertebrae?
- Transverse foramina are located on the transverse process - Bifif spinous processes
51
What angle do the Z joints of the cervical spine lie at to the MSP?
Lie at a right angle
52
Which view best demonstates the Z joints of the C-spine?
Lateral projection
53
What angle do the intervertebral formina of the cervical spine form with the MSP?
45 degree angle and 15 degrees to a horizontal plane
54
Which view best demonstates the intervertebral formina of the C-spine?
45 degree oblique projection
55
How do the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae change as they move down the body?
Increase in size from T1-T12
56
Which vertebrae are considered typical in the T-spine?
T3-T9
57
What do the posterolateral margins of each thoracic spine contain?
Costal facets for articulation with the head of the ribs
58
What other facets are present on thoracic vertebrae 2-8?
Demifacets
59
What angle do the Z joints of the thoracic region form with the MSP?
70-75 degrees
60
Which view best demonstates the Z joints of the T-spine?
70 degree oblique projection
61
How are the intervertebral foramina positioned in relation to the MSP?
Perpendicular
62
Which view best demonstates the intervertebral formaine of the T-spine?
True lateral position

Radiographic Procedures (11 decks)

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